IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


<f^iOfiA 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  tachniquas  9t  bibliographiquas 


Tha  Instituta  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographicaily  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  wliich  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microf^lmi  !s  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lu>  a  iti  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-ddssous. 


D 


Coioured  covers/ 
Couyarture  da  couiaur 


□    Coloured  pageb/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


r~~]    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^a 


□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagias 


D 

n 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restauria  et/ou  peiiicul6e 


Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restauries  et/ou  pelliculies 


y 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dicolories.  tacheties  ou  piquees 


[~n    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  gdographiques  en  couiaur 


□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditachees 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  couiaur  (i.e.  autre  qua  biaua  ou  noire) 


r~T|    Showthrough/ 


Transparence 


D 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualiti  inigale  de  Timpression 


V 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReiiA  avac  d'autres  documents 


□    Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  material  supplementaire 


D 


n 


Tight  binding  may  causa  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  iiure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  da  la 
distorsion  le  long  da  la  marge  int^riaure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  csrtainas  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  rastaurstion  apparaissant  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  ixi  filmias. 


a 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refiimed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totaiement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'arrata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  4ti  filmies  d  nouveau  de  facon  di 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplimentaires; 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  tWmi  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


I  y 


12X 


18X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmad  h«r«  has  b««n  reproduced  thanks 
to  tha  genaro&'tv  of: 


L'axamplaira  filmA  f ut  raproduit  grSca  k  la 
ginirosit^  da: 


Legislature  du  Qu^boc 
Quebec 

Tha  imagM  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  iceeping  with  the 
filming  contract  spacif ications. 


L^islature  du  Qu^Imc 
Quebec 

Lee  imagee  suivantea  ont  Mi  naproduites  avec  if 
plus  grand  soin.  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nettet*  de  I'exemplaire  fiimi,  et  en 
conformity  avec  ies  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  wiith  a  printed  or  illustrated  imprea* 
fJon,  or  the  bacic  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illuatrated  impree- 
sion,  and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Lea  exemplairea  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  eat  imprimie  sont  filmis  en  commenpant 
par  la  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
damSAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'imprepsion  ou  d'illustration.  soit  p«r  la  second 
piat,  salon  le  caa.  Tous  Ies  autrea  exempiairee 
originaux  aont  filmis  an  commanpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreeaion  ou  d'illustration  at  an  terminant  par 
Ifi  darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —4»>(  meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "ENO"). 
whichever  applies. 

Map;  platee,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  aa 
required.  The  following  diagrama  illustrate  the 
method: 


Un  dee  symbolee  ruivants  apparaltra  sur  la 
darniire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
caa:  le  symbols  —»•  signifie  "A  SUiVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Lea  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  itre 
filmte  i  dea  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atra 
raproduit  en  un  seul  cMchi,  ii  est  filmi  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  i  droite, 
et  de  haut  an  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nicessaire.  Las  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mithoda. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

. 


'  1-V 


THE   TURCO-SERVIAN   WAR. 


.aguiJtiW    i3Y»its^iit»   ^jhsH 


'1  r,-;.(  r.-^vrg   •  =,;)<< 


.  ^.Z  ,  . 


•BULGARIAN    HORRORS 


AND   THE 


QUESTION  OF  THE  EAST. 


BY  THE 


RIGHT  HON.  W.  E.  GLADSTONE,  M.P. 


NEW  YORK  AND  MONTREAL: 
LOVELL,  ADAM,  WESSON  &  COMPANY. 

1876. 


LAKE    CHAMPLAIN    PRESS, 
ROUSES    POINT,    N.Y. 


33ctiicatetr 


TO 


VISCOUNT   STRATFORD   DE   REDCLIFFE, 

WITH  THE  ADMIRATION  WHICH  ALL 
ACCORD  TO  HIM, 
AND    THE    ESTEEM   WHICH    HAS   GROWN   WITH   A 
FRIENDSHIP  OF  MORE  THAN  FORTY  YEARS. 


pi        li 


i 


CONTENTS 


How  THE  PRESENT  SITUATION    HAS  BEEN  BROUGHT   ABOUT      .  .  '''^ 

Sketch  of  the  Turkish  Race  and  Government ^o 

The  Policy  of  the  British  Ministry 

The  Questions  and  Answers 

13 

The  Discovery  of  the  Bulgarian  Horrors     21 

The  British  Fleet  at  Besika  Bay 

"     •  •      •  •     24 

The  Snares  to  be  avoided 

28 

The  Ends  to  be  pursued    . 

31 


I 


BULGARIAN    HORRORS 


AND   THE 


QUESTION    OF   THE    EAST. 


JN  the  difficult  question  of  the  East,  entangled  by  so  many  cross- 
purposes  and  interests,  the  people  of  this  country  have  shown 
a  just,  but  a  very  remarkable,  disposition  to  repose  confidence  in 
the  Government  of  the  day :  and  the  Government  of  the  day  has 
availed  itself  to  the  uttermost  of  that  disposition.  For  months 
the    nation  was  conteuc,    though    measures    and  communications 


I   progress,  to  remain 

"3on  the  fragmentary 

■nspire  through  the 

i  information,  but 

nly  on  the  thirty- 

.',  from  the  bounty 


known  to  be  of  the  highest  intere.' 

without  official  information,  and 

and  uncertain   notices  which  alt 

press.     It  had  to  dispense  not  Oi 
with  discussion  in  the  House  of  C. 
first  of  July  did  the  House  of  Common 

ot  the  Government,  after  interminable  delays  and  in  the  dregs  of 
the  Session,  a  single  night  in  which  to  review  the  transactions  of 
the  Administration,  together  with  those  of  other  Powers,  during  a 
twelvemonth,  and   to  ascertain   the   prospects  and  policy  of   the 
coming  recess.     The  lateness  of  the  period  fixed  for  the  debate 
went  far  to  insure  its  inefficiency.     But  this  was  not  enough  ;  and 
further  precautions  were  adopted.     It  was  announced  that,  if  the 
debate  overiiowed  this   narrow  limit,  it  could  only  be  finished  in 
fragments  ;  the  ordinary  business  of  the  Government  must  proceed 
in  preference  to  it,  but  it  coul  !  doubtless  be  renewed  on  some  day 
of  yet  thinner  benches,  deeper  exhaustion,  and  greater  nearness  to 
the  Twelfth  of  August,  the  principal  and  inviolate  festival  of  the 
sportsman's  calendar. 


I 


8 


BULGARIAN  HORRORS  AND 


..or,  ,„  „„„  of  .„e  sca„„.  and  u,KO„a^n  „,„icos  »hi         „      Zm 
be  obtained  from  unofficial  sources      A„n„,l  ,t,  , 

wiu, diu.or, picas.  ,n .„cse ^1  ^r::^,^^::^. 

b=  n„,d,  reason ;  but,  in  ,„c  a,.rega,o.  ,l,cy  wc're'^J,  d  r^es, 
home  measure  wa,  u,  progress,  anrl  eonid  not  be  expl  ,i  ,c,niM  ii 
was  comp  etetl ;  or  was  completed,  and  tbcrcfore  a      i  ,    o     h ' 

documents  -o  l^e  r     1    f     •        '"  pr^'^ring  tlre  papers  and 

n^"  rbe  allmva  le      '        '"";""  P^«-«"'«i°".  »'»>  presentation 

e  "on  and  r        '  T  T^  '*  ""P'-^'P'"-«1.  -'  that  after  every 

iiiai  \\c  nave  liac  bv  cIe"Tp(>c  frnm  -vr.',,.,*-,.        •      i 
(•K^  1         11         ,  .  -^  '^'^a'ccs,  irom  pnvate  ana  vo  i.ntarv  cverM'on 
he  l<„owIedge  witich  it  was  the  bo.u.den  duty  of  the  A  dm  ,    ,""' 
■on  .0  supply:  and  that,  by  the  light  which  t  ,is  kn  „*,;,, 

The  effect  of  the  course  whicli   was  taken  hv  fliP  r 
sccu.mg  the  escape  of  a  great  question  from  public  vi.dlanee  there 

before  ..re  pnbll  n.incU^a°  il'  :Z';he''.::tio,ris''i;r  I'Tf'" 

»hen  society  as  well  as  Parliament  is  pro';.:    '     ,  e  „"  1  S 

eaders  of  every  co.nttry  or   municipal   connuun  ty  are       sper     d 

t  ts  the  great  vacation  „f  the  year,  when  no  one  expect,  am   f™ 

Will    consenf    tr,    Ua    ,.^111,,  .  •-■^i-"->-i:>,  ana  rew 

cu  ibtnr,   to    be   called    to    serious    bu-^inpsQ       Aii     ,.1 

acquainted  with  the  inner  working  „,  onr  PaHi      entt^a      :„":: 
The;,ate  cC  the  case,  then,  is  this.     The  House  of  Commons 


THE  QUIUTJON  OF  THE  E.  ST  9 

has  in  (he  main  been  ousted  from  tliat  le-^itimate  share  of  itui.i.^.xe 
whicli  I  may  call  its  j-risdiction   in  the  case.     A  suhject    ••  pan.- 
nlfunit  wei-ht  goes  before  the  people  at  tho  time  when  the  class*^.^-, 
having  leisure,  and  usually  contributing  most  to  form  and  guide 
public  opinion,  are  scattered,  as  disjointed  units,  over  the  face  of 
this  and  of  other  countries.     In  default  of   Parliamentary  action 
and  a  public  concentrated  .-s  usual,  we  must  proceed  as  we  can' 
with  impaired    means    of  appeal.     But    honor,   dutv,  compassion' 
and  I  must  add  shame,  ure  sentiments   never  in   a  state  of  cowa' 
The  working  men  of  the  country,  whose  condition  i.^  less  affected 
than  that  of  others  by  the  season,  have  to  their  honor  led  the  way 
and  shown  that  the  great  heart  of  Britain   has  not  ceased  to  beat 
And  the  large  towns  and  cities,  now  following  in  foops,  are  echo- 
ing back,  each  from  its  own  place,  the   mingled   notes    of   horror 
pam,  and  indignra/on. 

Let  them  understand  that  the  importance  of  their  meetin-s  on 
th,s  occasion  ,:  least,  cannot  be  overrated.  As  Inkerman' was 
the  soldier  s  battle,  so  this  is  the  nation's  crisis.  The  nnestion  is 
not  only  whether  unexampled  wrongs  shall  receiv  .-c  nd  and 
righteous  condemnption,  but  whether  the  onlv  effective  security 
shall  be  taken  against  its  repetition.  In  order  to  take  this 
security,  the  nation  will  have  to  speak  through  its  Government  • 
but  we  now  see  clearly  that  it  muse  first  teach  its  Government" 
almost  as  it  would  teach  a  lis  Mig  child,  what  to  say.  2^^en  will 
be  t.ken  out  of  the  way  of  an  united  Europe  the  sole  efficient 
obstacle  to  the  punishment  of  a  gigantic  wron^r 

I  have  thus  far  endeavored  to  describe  how'it  has  come  about 
that  he  nation,  deprived  of  its  most  rightful  and  most  constitu- 
tiona  a.os  has  been  called  upon  at  the  season  when  the  task 
would  under  ordinary  circumstances  be  impossible,  to  choose 
between  leaving  its  most  sacred  duties  unperformed,  and  taking 
the  performance  of  them  primarily  into  its  own  hands 

Had  the  call  upon  the  country  been  only  that  of  Servia,  Bosnia 
anc.  the  Herzegovina,  it  would  have  been  a  grave  one.  But"  it  is 
now  graver  far.  By  a  slow  and  difficult  process,  the  details  of 
which  I  shall  presently  consider,  and  through  the  aid  partlv  of 
newspaper  correspondence,  and  partly  of  the  authorized  agent^f  a 
foreign  State,  but  not  through  our  o;vn  Parliament,  or  Adminis- 
tration, or  establishments  abroad,  we  now  know  in  detail  that  there 
have  been  perpetrated,  under  the  immediate  authority  of  a  Goverr- 
ment  to  which   all   the    time  we  have  been  giving  the  stronges^ 


10 


BULGARIAN  HORRORS  AND 


moral,  and  for  part  of  the  time  even  material  support,  crimes  and 
outrages,  so  vast  in  scale  as  to  exceed  all  modern  example,  and  so 
unutterably  vile  as  well  as  fierce  in  character,  that  it  pas'ses  the 
power  of  heart  to  conceive,  and  of  tongue  and  pen  adequately  to 
describe  them.  These  are  the  Bulgarian  horrors  ;  and  the  ques- 
tion is,  Wiiat  can  and  should  be  done,  either  to  punish,  or  to 
brand,  or  to  prevent?' 

The  details  of  these    abominations  may  be    read  in  published 
Reports,  now  known  to  be  accurate  in  the  main.     They  are  hardly 
fit  for  reproduction.     The  authors  of  the  crimes  are  the  agents, 
the  trusted,  and  in  some  instances,  the.  since-promoted  servants,* 
of  the    Turkish   Government.     The   moral  and  material    support 
which  during  the  year  has  been  afforded  to   the  Turkish   Govern- 
ment, has  been  given  by  the  Government  of  England  on  behalf  of 
the  people  of  England.     In  order  to  a  full  comprehension  of  the 
practical  question    at   issue,  it   will   be  necessary  to   describe  the 
true  character  and  position  of  the  Turkish  Power,  and   the  policy, 
as  I  think  it  the  questionable  and  erroneous  policy,  of  the  British 
Administration. 

Let  me  endeavor  very  briefly  to  sketch,  in   (he   rudest  outline, 
what  the  Turkish  race  was  and  what  it  is.     It  is  not  a  question  of 
Mahometanism   simply,  but  of  Mahometanism   compounded   with 
the  peculiar  character  of  a  race.     They  are  not  the   mild   Mahom- 
etans of    India,  nor   the    chivalrous    Saladins  of    Syria,    nor  the 
cultured  Moors  of  Spain.     They  were,  upon   the   whole,  from  the 
black  day  when  they  first  entered  Europe,  the  one  great  anti-human 
specimen  of  humanity.     Where\'er  they  went,  a  broad  line  of  blood 
marked   tiie  track   behind   them  ;  and,  as  far  as  their   dominion 
reached,   civilization  disappeared  from    view.     They   represented 
everywhere  government   by  force,  as  opposed    to  government  by 
law.     For  the  guide  of  this  life  they  had  a  relentless  fatalism  :  for 
its  reward  hereafter,  a  sensual  paradise. 

^  They  were  indeed  a  tremendous  incarnation  of  military  power. 
This  advancing  curse  menaced  the  whole  of  Europe.  It  was  only 
stayed,  and  that  not  in  one  generation,  but  in  many,  by  the  heroism 
of  the  European  population  of  those  very  countries,  part  of  which 
form  at  this  moment  the  scene  .^f  war,  and  the  anxious  subject  of 
diplomatic  action.     In   the  olden  time,  all   Western  Christendom 

*  Of  these  there  are  named  Ahmed  Aga  and  Tussum  Bey  (Mr.  Schuyler): 
also  Chevket  Pacha  (Cnnsu!  Readc).     Papers  5,  p.  iS. 


IHE  QUESTION  OF  THE  EAST.  i, 

sympathized  with  the   resistance  to  the  common  enemy;  and  even 
dunn-  the  hot  and  fierce  struggle  of  the  Reformation,  there  prayers 
If  I  m.stake  not,  offered  up  in  the  Engh'sh  churches  for  the  success 
of  tlie  Emperor,  the  head  of  the  Roman  Catholic  power  and  influ- 
ence, m  his  struggles  with  the  Turk. 

But  although  tlie  Turk  represented  force  as  opposed  to  hiw  vet 
not  even  a  government,  of  force  can  he  maintained  without  the'  aid 
of  an  intellectual  element,  such  as  he  did  not  possess.  Hence 
there  grew  up,  what  has   been   rare  in   the  history  of  the  world   I 

Much    of  Christian  hfe    w.^s  contemptuously  let  alone  ;  mu>  h  of 
he  subordn.ate  functions  of  government  was  allowed  to  d^voh^ 
upon  the  bishops  ;  and  a  race  of  Greeks  was  attracted  to  Const  n 

ci.s  of  lurk  sh  Islam  in  the  element  of  mind,  and  which  at  this 
-ment  provides  the  Porte  with  its  long  kno.n,  and,  I  n  1  '^ 
highly  esteemed  Ambassador  in  London.  Then  there  h.  b  n 
from  tune  to  time,  but  rarely,  statesmen  whom  we  have  been  oo 
ready  to  mistake  for  specimens  of  what  Turkey  might  becor 
w  creas  they  were  in  truth  more  like  W  ..,..,  ^n  th  favo^Zl' 
side  :  monsters,  so  to  speak,  of  virtue  or  intellii^ence  d  ,'  . 
were  (and  are)  also,  scattered  through  the   communi  v',  o 

were  not  indeed  real  citizens,  but  yet  who  have  exhibi't  d  t  e    re 
av.c  vu-tues,  and  w-ho  would  have  been  citizens  had  there  be    a  t    e 
pol  ty  around  them.     Besides  all  this,  the  conduct  of  the    ac    , 
gradualybeen  brought  more  under  the  eye  of  an  Eur  pe  whtl 
u  has  lost  Its  power  to  resist  or  to  defv;  and  its  central Iven 
njent,  in  conforming  perforce  to  many  of  the  forms  an       a^U  ions' 
of  cjvih^  ion  has  occasionally  caught  something  of  their  ^      " 

Ihis,  I  think,  IS  not  an  untrue  description  of  the  past,  ^r  even 

of  t  e  present.     The  decay  of  martial  energy,  in   a   Power  uhch 

was  or  centuries  the  terror  of  the  world,  is  ut^llerful.     Of  h       vo 

rSum   r^^""^  T:   ''  ^-->-3-"s  it  borrow';  f^ 

at  from  five  to  eight  thousand  :  the  rest  of  dm...  1.,  "^ 


12 


BULGARIAN  HORRORS  AND 


empn-e  of  i.ore   tlum  thirty  .nillions  disclKuges  all  its  mi-du  •  for 
•s  purpose  u  applies  all  its  own  resources,  ^nd  the  wlu  it  of  u" 
Moperty  of  :ts  creditors;  and,  after  two  „..uhs  of  desp  rate  a 
t.vuy,  u  greatly  plumes  itself  upon  having  incompletely  rc'eede, 

^:Z^Z[^'^'^    cloubtfully  failed  agaLt    L.^:::^, 
bliaUts  of  Baja^ets,  Amuraths,  and  Mahin.nids  i 

Ivventy  years    ago,  France    atul   England  determined   to  trv  a 
greac  expernnent  in  remodelling  the   ad.ninistrativesys    m  of  '^, 
kej^vuth  the  hope  of  curing  .ts  intolerable  vices   and        nr  il 
good  us  not  less  intolerable  deHciencies.     For  thij^^n^  ^t  ^T 
ang  defended   her  integrity,  they  made- also  her  indepe   den^        - 
cure     and  they  devized  at  Constantinople  the  refornJ,  wh  c^ were 
pubhcly  enacted  tn  an  Lnperial  Fir.nan  or  Hatti-huma  oum      Tl  e 
accesses  of  the   Crimean  War,  purchased   (with  the' aid  of  S  , 
chma)  by  a  vast  expenditure  of  French  and  English  life  and  trea 
ure,  gave  to  Turkey,  for  the  first  tin.e  perhaps  i.t  her  bio    1    t    n'  d 
history  twenty  years  of  a  repose  not  disturbed  either  by  1  e  o 

by  a..3'  forcgn  Power.     The  Cretan  insurrection  in.par  ed  a^    ck 
to  conlKlence;  but, t  was  composed,  and  Turkey  again  was  tru  ted 
The  msurrect.ons  of  xS7s.  -uch  n.ore  thoroughly^'exannne  vt 

disclosed  the  total  failure  of  the  Porte  to  fulfil  L  eng'e  "  " 
^v^Mc  she  had  contracted  under  circumstances  peculiadvt  dD 
on  interest,  on  honor,  and  on  gratitude.  Even  these  mise  blt^ 
insurrections,  she  had  not  the  ability  to  put  down.  In  the  m  ity 
of  he  current  events,  a  lurid  glare  is  thrown  over  the  whde  ca2 
by  the  Bulgarian  horrors.  The  knowledge  of  these  IJents  Ts 
^^.ethery  indifference  or  bungling,  kept  \ack  from  us  b'^onT; 
for  a  time.      1  he  proofs  are  now  sufficiently  before  us.     And  the 

^t^::"^^-  ^'''l:  '''-'  -'y  ^'^--^  ^--'  '-^  ^'^  ^^ 
campaign.  Power  is  gone,  and  the  virtues,  such  as  hey  are  of 
power ;  nothing  but  its  passions  and  its  p.ide  remain         ^        ' 

It  IS  tune,  then,  to  clear  an   account  which   we  ha've  lon.^  per- 
haps too  long,  left  unsettled,  and  ahnost  unexa.nined 

In  the  discussion  of  this  great  and  sad  subject,  the  attitude  and 
he  proceedings  of  the   British  Grovernment  cannot  po     b  y  be 
eft  out  of  v,ew.     Indeed,  the  topic  is,  f,om  the  nature  of  the  It 
so  prom,ne,it,  and    f,om  the  acts  done,  so  peculiar  tint  n 

hardly  be  excused  fro.n  stating  in  expreL  anH     lid       i^;;^ 
appear  to  me  Us g,ave  e,-rors  ;  were  it  only  that  I  may  not    e  ,ii  b 
an  apparent  reserve,  also  to  insinuate  against  them  a^urpos        i  ^ 


THE  QUESTION  OF  THE  EAST.  13 

plicity  in  crime,  which  it  would  be  not  only  rash,  but  even  wicked 
to  nnpute.     The  consequences  of  their  acts  have  been,  in  niy  view' 
deplorable.     But  as  respects  the  acts  themselves,  and  the  motives 
they  appear  to  indicate,  the  faults  I  find  are  these.    Thev  have  not 
understood  the  rights  and  duties,   in  regard  to  the  subjects   and 
particularly  the  Christian   subjects,  of  Turkey,  which  inseparably 
attach  to  this  country  in  consequence  of  the  Crimean  War  and  of 
the  Treaty  of  Paris  in   1856.     They  have  been  remiss  when  thev 
ought  to  have  been  active  ;  namely,  in  efforts  to  compose  tho  East- 
ern revolts,  by  making  provision  against  the  terrible   mi.aovern- 
ment  which  provoked  them.     They  have  been  active  where  they 
ought  to  have  been  circumspect  and  guarded.  It  is  a  grave  charge 
which  cannot  be  withheld,  that  they  have  given  to  a  maritime  J.l 
ure  of  humane  precaution   die  character  of  a  military  demonstra- 
lon  in  support  o    the  Turkish  Government.     They  have  seemed 
to  be  moved  too  httle  by  an  intelligent  appreciation  of  prior  obli- 
gations, and  of  the  broad  and  deep  interests  of '  humanitv,  and  too 
nnich  by  a  disposition  to  keep  out  of  sight  what  was  dis'agreeable 
and  migh    be  inconvenient,  and  to  consult  and  flatter  the  public 
opinion  of  the  dayin  its  ordinary,  that  is  to  say,  its  narrow,  selfish 
epicurean  humor.     I  a<lmit  that,  until  a  recent  date,  an  opinion 
wide  :•  prevailed,  and  perhaps  was  not  confined  to  any  particular 
party,  that  this  game  had  been  played  with  success  and  even  bril- 
liancy, and  that,  amidst  whatever  mishaps  and   miscarriages  else 
where,  the    Government  stood  high  upon  its  foreign,    that  is,  its 
Eastern  policy,  in  the  approval  of  the  country. 

Since   that  time,  but  two  or  three  weeks  have  elapsed.     Eut  a 
curtain  opaque  and  dense,  which  at    the  Prorogation    had  been 
ifled  bu    a  few  inches  from  the  ground,  has  since  then-from  dav 
to  day-been  slowly  rising.     And    what  a  scene  it  has  disclosed 
and  where     Nearly  four  long  months  have  passed,  during  which 
there  has   been   maintained  in   this  country,  almost  until  now  an 
unnatura    and  deadly  calm.     We  now  look  backwards  over  this 
track  of  lethargy  as  over  days  of  ease  purchased  bv  dishonor,  the 
prolonged  fascination  of  an  evil  dream.  A  voice,  an'almost  solitary 
vo>ce,  sounded  indeed  over  sea  and  land,  in  the  month  of  June   to 
warn  us  of  what  was  going  on.     There   was  no   want  of  ears  dis- 
posec    to   listen   when  the   tale  told    was  of  wholesale   massacre 
perpetrated  by  the  authority  of  a  Government  to  which  we  had  pro- 
cmvd,  m  our  hvmg  memory,  twenty  y.ars  of  grace  ,  and  to  which, 
without  mquirmg  how  thos.  jears  had  been  employed,  we  had  this 


14 


BULGARIAN  HORRORS  AND 


I 


claied  l„  CT     V       \       "■■  *l'"l«sale  massacres  were  de- 
s.ble,  newspaper  corresp„„dc,„.     With    the  Tnsle;    '  '  °"" 

s:^'::^:rr:h2^:-r^:^^'=---- 

but  of  disbelief  qt,    i      ';"";, '^^;,  ■■J::;:  '7  --f  °-  error, 

or  rr>r)«  ^f .,        i     r  *      "''&'"  ^'^^t-s,  witn  a  different    ce.i 

. e : e" i'ostf ;::;';"'" "t^ °' ^>""™" -"-''^. ->> - ^ 

.he    'IVki  r  t  ,s  e    w^,T ?'  '  ■'  "»'■<">■  ~"""»  true,  sinee 

diffichiesi,;  d:;din;-:,';,-:h\,:L';:'";i.r7^*  ^^'^"^  °^ 

criipltu  .  ^f  1    1  1  "'"Lii  .-line  la)  the  balance  of  cr  me  anrl 

rest  o„  hi,,,  „.,,„  strihes  the  first  uL     of  at  Zft  T  71 
dea  u,„  ,  ,„,  ,  ,„„„„„t„,y  „„,|,^^.^|^  ^j  fa,„,i,is„,  „„„„„  ^ ,,  ^ 

«:n;f:rx:L:':ft,:.s;r-r:,;r'"r?" 

;;no.,ed,e,,.,ieh,.he,ie,.edtoa,,,::ut:::;;:,^r.^;:t^^ 

For  ,ve  k„o,v  that  ue  had   a  «-elI-„,ani,e<l  I'lnhi^i-  ■„  n       , 
.;nopIe,  aud  a  „e..v,.rk  of  Consulates  and  V      c™,,    te      ^^^i" 
<I.--cl,arsi„K  diploa.atic  duties,  all  over  the  p  ovi„„  s  "'  ''' 

TurKe,-.     That  villages  eonid  he  bun,ed  :,   .";;:     'ZZZ 

sulates  could  know  nothin-  „f  i,o     ...  .  ,,  .        '''"'  •^■^^>    '■^"'1  Con- 
could  nof  h,«       c;,.    •,  "  ^'^"^  ''""^'  '^'''-^   I'l'l'o.ssihle.      It 


iqiiiry,  but  the  d 


oor  wa.s  each  time 


THE  QUESTION  OF  THE  EAST.  15 

quickly  closed  upon  the  question,  as  the  stone  lid  used  to  be  shut 
down,  in  the  Campo  Santo  of  Naples,  upon  the  mass  of  human 
corpses  that  lay  festering  beneath. 

But  inquiry  was  to  be  made.  And  at  this  point  I  think  the 
Government  are  to  be  charged  with  a  serious  offence.  For  inquiry, 
in  these  times,  means  ihe  employment  of  the  Telegraph.  But  l' 
must  here  turn  aside  for  a  moment,  in  the  endeavour  to  do  an  act 
of  justice. 

The  first  alarm  respecting  the  Bulgarian  outrages  was,  I  believe, 
that  sounded  in  the  "  iJaily   News,"  on   the  23rd   of  Tune.     lam' 
sensible  of  the  many  services   constantly  rendered  by  "free  journal- 
ism to  humanity,  to  freedom,  and  to  justice.     I  do  not  undervalue 
the  performances,  on  this  occasion,  of  the   "  Times,"  the  Doyen  of 
the    press   in    this  country,  ar.d   perhaps  in   the   world,  or  of   the 
'  Daily  Telegraph  ;  "  and  our  other  great  organs.     But  of  all  these 
services,  so  far  as  my  knowledge  goes,  that  which  has  been  render- 
ed by  the  "Daily  News,"  through  its  foreign  correspondence  on  this 
occasion,  has  been  the  most  weighty,  I  may  say,  t^e  most  splendid  * 
We  are  now  informed  (Barl.  Papers  No.  5,  p.  6)  that  the  accounts 
received  by  the  German  Government  confirm  its  report.   It  is  even 
possible  that,  but  for  the   courage,   determination,   and  ability  of 
this  single  organ,  we  m.ght,   even  at  this  moment,   have  remai'ned 
HI  darkness,  and  Bulgarian  wretchedness  might  have  been  without 
its  best  and  brightest  hope. 

On  the  26th  of  June,  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  in  the  House  of  Lords 
and  Air.  Forster  in  the  House  of  Commons,  made  anxious  inquiries 
respecting  the  statements  contained  in  a  communication  from  the 
correspondent  of  the  "Daily  News,"  which  had  been  published  in 
the  paper  of  the  23rd,  following  a  more  general  statement  on  the 
loth.  In  order  not  to  load  these  pages  too  heavilv,  as  well  as  on 
other  grounds,  I  shall  cite  or  describe,  in  referring  to  these  pro- 
ceedings, chiefly  the  replies  of  the  Head  of  the  Government 

In  answer,  then,  to  \\x.  Forster,  Mr.  Disraeli  said,  "We  have  no 
uiformation  in  ou--  possession  which  justifies  the  statements  to 
winch  the  Right  Hon.  gentleman  refers."  The  disturbances 'ap- 
peared to  have  been  begun  "  by  strangers,  burning  the  villa-es 
without  reference  to  religion  or  race."  A  war  was  carried^on 
between  "  Bashi-Bazouks  and  Circassians,"  on  one  side,  and  "the 

I  believe  it  is  understood  that  the  gentleman  who  has  fought  this  battle-fnr 


a  battle  it  has  been— with  siicii  couni 


ige,  intelligence,  anJ  conscientious  care,  is 


M,.   p  ,  ,,  '^  '  o-..v.^,  .1,,,-  uuu^uitnuous  care,  IS 

iui.  1  ears,  of  Constantinople,  correspondent  of  tlie  "  Daily  News,"  for  Bulgaria. 


w 


16 


BULGARIAN  HORRORS  AND 


11 


mv-aders"  on  the  other,  and  no  doubt,  "  with  great  atrocity,-  much 
to  be  deplored.  Since  tliat  time,  measures  had  been  adopted  to 
Etop  these  "  Bashi-Bazouks  and  Circassians."  "  I  will  merely 
repeat,"  he  concluded,  "  that  the  information  which  wc  have  at 
vanous  times  received  Aots  not  justify  the  statements  made  in  the 
journal  wliich  he  has  named."* 

I  must  add  Lord  Derby's  concluding  sentence  :— 
"  As  the  noble  Duke  has  thought  the  evidence  in  this  matter  suffid'ent 
to  justify  //mm  bringing  the  subject  before  the  House,  I  willmake 
further  inquiry,  and  communicate  the  result  to  your  Lordships  " 

There  were  reasons  enough  why  others  besides  the  Duke  of 
Argyll,  should  have  thought  ti>e  evidence  sufficient  to  require  some 
notice.     For,  in  the  statement  of  the  "  Daily  News,"  there  were 

contained  the  ominous  words  rf ' 

>;^^  16.— "Even  now  it  is  openly  asserted  by  the  Turks  that 
England  has  determined  to  help  the  government  to  put  down  the 
various  insurrections.  England,  says  a  Turkish  journal,  will  defend 
us  against  Russia,  while  we  look  after  our  rebels." 

So  much  for  the  first  attempt  to  throw  lighi  into  these  dark 
places. 

On  the  8th  of  July,  the  "  Daily  News  "  inserted  a  second  com- 
munication  from  its  correspondent  at  Constantinople,  confirminc. 
and  extending  the  puqwrt  of  the  first.     On  the  loth,  Mr.  Forste? 
renewed  his  inquiries.  Mr.  Disraeli  stated,  that  there  had  not  yet 
been  time  to  receive  any  reply  to  the  inquiries  made.     And  this 
though  the  Telegraph  passes  in  a  few  hours,  and  the  statement  in 
question  had  appeared  on  the   23rd  of  June.     Even  now  the  only 
efficient  instrument  was  not  put  in  action,  nor  did  this  happen  until 
July  24th  ■%  and  within  five  days  after  that  date,  a   British  a-ent 
was  on  his  way  to  the  bloody  scene.       It  is   absolutely   necessary 
that  Her  Majesty's  Government  should  explain  whv  the  Telegraph 
had  not  at  once  been  employed  on  tlie  26th  or  27th  of  June  '^ 

But  other  parts  of  the  First  Minister's  reply  require  notice.  He 
hoped,  "for  the  sake  of  human  nature  itself,"  that  the  statements 
were  scarcely  >varranted.  There  had  witiiout  doubt  been  atrocities 
in  Bulgaria.  This  was  a  war  "not  carried  on  bv  regular  troops 
m  this  case  not  even  by  irregular  troops,  but  by  a  sort  of  Possccom- 
?Ar/^.- of  an  armed  population."  "  I  doubt  whether  torture  "  .... 
*  '  Times,'  Tune  27. 

t  Pari.  Papers,  Turkey,  i%-](S.    No.  3,  p.  -^^(i. 
''  I'ai 


t  Papers  No.  5, 


p.  I. 


THE  QUESTION  OF  THE  EAST.  jy 

"  has  been  practised  on  a  great  scale  among  an  historical  people 
who  seld  cm  have,  I  believe,  resorted  to  tor'.ure,  but  generally  ter- 
nunate  their  connection  with  culprits  in  a  n,.,.  expeditious  nvnner 
(laughter)."  Every  effort  had  been  made,  and  would  continue  to 
be  made,  "  to  soften  and  mitigate  as  much  as  possible  the  terrible 
scenes  that  are  now  inevitably  occuring."  Atrocities,  he  believed 
we.-c"n,evitable,  when  wars  are  carried  on  in  certain  countries' 
ana  behc'ccn  certain  races:' *  ' 

Down  to  this  date  what  we  have  to  observe  is— 

Fust.  The    deplorable   efficiency  of  the  arrangements    of    the 

Government  for  receiving  information. 

Secondiy    The  yet  more  deplorable    tardiness    of    the   means 

U- r:!;:"^  Paniamentarypressure,  for  enlacing  their  s^::; 

Thirdly.  The  effect  of  the  answers  of  the    Prin,e   Minister  from 
wh.ch  u  could  not  but  be  collected,  by  Parliament  and  the   pubTi" 

h.  That  the  deplorable  atrocities,  which   had  occurred,  were 
a.rlyd,VKled,  and  were  such   as   were   incidental    to 
between  certana  racesr     What  could  and  did  this  m.an 

he  o^r  ^'-^^  °"  ''-  --  ^••^^.  --i  Bulgarians  on 
the  other  >.  It  no«'  appears  that  the  Circassians  had  but  . 
very  small  share  in  the  matter.  ^ 

..  While  the  Bulgarians  were  thus  loaded  with  an  even  share 
of  respons,bd,y  for  the  "atrocities,-  vve  were  given  to 
understand  that  the  Turl<ish  Goverrmient,  and  its  autho  Ld 
agents,  appeared  to  be  no  parties  to  them.  ^""^'^^''^^^ 

d.  That  the  "scenes,"  that  is,  as  is  now  demonstrated  the 
^vho  esale  nnn-ders,  rapes,  tortures,  burnings,  and  t^L  while 
devd,sh  engu.ery  of  crime,  "were  to  be  mitigated  ^d 
softened  as  much  as  possible."  " 

July.  ^  ^  ^^  '^  Deputation  on  the   14th  of 


»  < 


Times,' July  15. 


i8 


li ULG ARIA lY  HORRORS  AND 


I 


"He  did  uoi  in  the  least  doubt  that  there  had   been  manv  acts 

<2^ /..//.  stde.  ...     It  was  not  a  case  of  h.nbs  anc.  wolves  but  of 
so^tesavas.  ra.s,  fighting  in  a  peculiarly  savage  manner.-  ^ 

lii.s  ceel.ual.on    is  a  gross  wrong  inadvertantly  done  to  the 
people  of  J]ulga,  ,a  ;  and  it  ought  to  be  withdrawn 

Agan,  on  the  .7th  of  Juh,   Mr.   Baxter  revived   the  interroga- 
oncs      %  t,s  tunc  as  we  have  seen,  the  Government   had  ustd 
the  lelegraph,  and  they  had  ordered  on  the  ,5//,  a  real  and  spech 
inquiry   from   Constantinople.      The  subject  could   no  lo  ^'b 
c.U,rely  tn  ed  wuh.     The  Prinze  Minister  made  a  lengthened    a  ^ 
nent  which  occupies  twocolunms  of  the  "  Times."     The  main  por- 
|on  of  It  was  extracted  from  official  reports,  which  are  no.  loTe 
he  world  ;  and  which  did  not  in  the  smallest  degree  sustain  eithc! 
the  doctrine  of  a  fair  division  of  the  blame  of  inevitable  at  oci     s 
or  an  acquittal  of  the  Turkish  Government.  But  the  Minister  a  S 
ma  ter  of  his  own.     What  wonder  was  it,  as  to  the  Circassian     tt 
'when  their  villages  were  burned  and  their  farms  ravaged,"    -'tey 

tlicmscl  cs  >  Scenes  had  occurred  towards  the  end  of  Mav  and 

o  on,"'- from  which  our  feelings"-what  fine  feelings  we  have '- 
we  naturally  recoil."     '>  We  were  constantly  communicatin-^  "  "  I 

will  not  s^y  remonstrating,  with  the  Turkish  Government,"  foT  "  ///. 

fhe  Bn.AA^.^.as.a.for.''     And  still   the  guilt   was  to  stand  as  a 
fairly  divided  guilt, 

"There  is  no  doub.  that  acts  on  both  sides,  as  necessarily  would 
be  the^^ca^  under  such  circumstances,   ...  ^..^  ,,.,,,,  ,,, 

Observe  :  though  information  on  particulars  was  still  wanting, 
one  th.ng  was  placed  beyond  doubt,  the  .yW/<,  of  guilt  and  infamy.' 
And  I  am  still,  writing  on  the  6th  of  September,  dependent  mainlv 

"theT'f"  r"-  'r?'  °''"^'  ^""^'"'"  ^°  "^^''"S  this  testimony 
to  the  test.  Mr.  ^chuy  er,  on  the  22nd  of  August,  reports  to  the 
American  Government  Ihat  the  outrages  of  the  Turks  were  fully 
established.  He  proceeds  as  follows,  with  more  to  the  same  etfect 
An  aitonipt,  however,  has  been  made-and  not  by  Tu-ks  alone^ 
10  defend  and  to  palliate  them,  on  the  ground  of  the  previous 
atiocities  which.  It  IS  alleged,  were  committed  by  the  Bulgarian.s. 
»' Times,' July,.  t  Id.,  July  ,6. 


THE  QUESTION  OF  THE  FAST 

I  have  carefully  invested  this  poin,  ;  an.l  a,„  unable  to  find  th.t 
the  R,  g,„ans  comnmted  any  outrages  or  atrocities,  or  any  cL 
w^..ch  deserve  that  name.  //..,  ,,,y,,  ,^,,,  ,,  ,1,,,,  ^J^ 
Twhsh  offiaah  a  l,st  of  .mch  outrages.  .  No  Turk-Id,   / 

children  were  killed  in  cold  blood      Vo  \fn      /  "'"  ""' 

violated.  No  Mussui.ans.::!::;^.^::;,.''^ p::::^^ 

^ge  was  attacked  or  burned.     No  Mussuhuans  L     ^i^'    tli 
No  mosque  was  desecrated  or  destroyed  "  P'"'^gtd. 

The  declarations,  which  had  proceeded  from  the  hi-^ho.f  .   m 
'ty  .n  the  highest  Parliamentary  AsscMubly  of  the  worM  i' 

at  the  time,  an  immense  effect      Thev    lid  nn  '  ^"■°''"'"'' 

b.U  they  effectually  baffled  and  ci^^ln  ^,  T  ^Z^:^'''''' 

:':^;^X:^te::s--~ 

Turkish  Government  "  '     ^      ^  ^P^^ches  against  the 

I.  reaCed,  a,.,  i.  «-a,,„e.eio„«ri„"c:       ,  .L"; "'"^i^^e  a"'"'-^- 
a'Orwni  was  so  bold  as  to  criticize   n    rU  ]      IT""-.     ^^'^  Conrrier 

Minister   that   the   alleged  brnLo"."   '"'"'^^^'  ^°  ^'^^ 

found  false  upon  inquir^institZ^  ^  r  thistffJnS'"  ''^^  '^^" 
issued  by  the  Director  of  the  Press  fo.  r    .  V'    "   ^  "^^'^^ 

the  Fre,L.  original,  and  whL  ^c^^a  ^te  "  i'^'V  r"'^"'^  '^ 
heads  of  the  British  Government,  Z^.X^,  ^^7^'  "'  ''' 
i?.4'../."-note  this  was  on  the'pt  o7  .  !  .^^1  ^'"T  '' 
suppressed.*  -^i't,ust— the  journal  was 


"SUELIME  PORTE. 

"MINISTERE  DES  AFFAIRES  ETRANGERES. 
"  Le  Bureau   de  la  Presse, 
;;  Vu  le  nu,nero  du  journal  le  Courri.r  .V Orient  du  8  Aout  • 

-.^«:r-;:,s,r;c;;;:=;,^":,.';;  t  r^"-  - 

Britannique,  (i)  touchant  les  Dretencln    pv.  "         ''""''"^  leParlernent 

i,arde,  s  it  par  inadvertence,  soit  parexces  d'indulgence, 


m 


20 


BOLGARIAN  HORRORS  AND 


Five  attempts  nad  thus  been  ,nade  to  penetrate  vvnat  was  still  a 
n.ys  e,y  ,n  the  offic.al  mind.     A  sixth  and  a  seventh  still   tollo    ed 
on  the^  .  and  the  .  uh  of  August.    With  true  British  decern.  ; 

Mr.  Ashley  opened  the  question  for  discussion  on  the  ,  nh  He 
was  ah  y  supported  ;  and  this  ti„,e,  it  is  pleasant  to  say,  fro  n  both 
sues  of  the  House  there  n„Vht  be  heard  the  language  o  luunnh; 

Mr   Ashley  s  action  was  especially  judicious,   because  he  had   a 

i.or(l  1  alme.ston.     The  powerful  speech  of  Sir  VV    Hircourf  vv.« 
denounced  by  the  Prime  Minister  in  terms  of  grel;     '     "       U. 
was  assured  that    "from  the    very  commencen.ent   of  t     '"trals 
.u:t.ons      the  Governn,ent  "were  constantly  receiving"  f  onrtl 
Ambassador  n.fornuvtion  on  "  what  was  occurring  tn   Bu   "  ri    •' 

2:I^T\'1T'  '''''''''  ■^^"^'"^"^'■^  '"  -ntradicti        of 
dc  ail  ,  on  wh.ch  I  am  not  yet  sufficiently  informed  to  pronounce  • 

but  wha    r  complain  of  is  that  he  still,  on  the   X3th  of  A Z  st' 

effec  ually   chsgu.sed  the  main  issue,  which   lay  in  the   que^t  o n 

whether  the  Turkish  Governu,ent,   which  was    receiving    r    n 

both  mora   ancl  virtually  n.aterial  support,  had  or   had  not  by 

agents  and  by  ,ts  approval  and  reward  of  its  agents  been  deeply 

gudty  o    excesses,    than  which  none  n.ore  abominable  have  X 

graced  the  h.story  of  the  world.     For  the  Government,  it  was  si 

merely  a  question  of  "  civil  war,"  "carried  on  under  condition    o 

brutality  unfortunately  not  unprecedented  in  that  country,"*  namely 

Bulgaria.       A   repetition   of  language,   which   is   either    that   of 

Ignorance,  or  of  brutal  calumny  upon  a  people  whom  the  Turkish 

and  dodle.' '"  '"""'"'  ^'"^  '""''"^  "  '"^"^'"°"^'  1^"-^-^' 

duHnfthrV'^'  '?'  '''^'"   ^'  "^"  ^'^i'^'y"'  Government 
dunng  the   Session  with  respecc  to  the  Bulgarian  atrocities,  for 

^iZ'^^^^r '"'"'''''"''''''''' '''''^''''    ^'  ^-  '-  declarations  du 
Chef  clu  Cibinet  Bntannique  sont  entachees  de  partiality  • 

Apres  avoir  pris  les  ordres  de  S.  Exc.  le  ministre, 
"Arrete: 

"  Le  journal  le  Cour^i.r  d^ Orient,,,  et  demeure  supprim^  i  partir  du  four  de 
la  notification  du  present   arrete.  F-^'uruujour  ae 

"  Constantinople,  9  Aout,  1876. 

"  Le  Directeur  de  la  Presse, 
•'Times,' Aug.  ,2.  "Blacque." 

t  In  the  Report  from  PhilippopoHs,  tc  which  I  shall  presently  revert. 


THE  QUESTION  OF  THE  EAST  21 

enlightening  che  country  as  some  nny  think,  or  for  keenin-  it  in 
the  dark,  as  may  occur  to  other  and  less  charital)Ie  minds.  " 

It  is  not  the  smallest  part  of  the  service  rendered  by  the  "  Daily 
News,"  that  it  was  probably  the  means  of  brin-ins  i"to   the   field 
an  Amencan  Commission  of  Inquiry.    I  have  the  fullest  confidence 
inthehonorandintheintdli^renceofMr.    Baring,  who  has   been 
inqu.nng  on  behalf  of  Kugiand  ;  because  he  was  chosen   for  the 
purpose  i,y  Sir  H.  Elliot,  and  because  I  believe  he  personally  well 
deserves  ,t      liut  he  was  not  sent  to  examine  the  matter  until    the 
19th  of  July,  three  months  after  the  rising,  and  nearlv   one   .nonth 
after  the  first  inquiries  in  Parliament.     He  had  been  "but  two  days 
at      h.bppopol.s,   when  he  sent  home,   with   all   the  dispatch  he 
could  use,  some  few  rudiments  of  a  future  report.     Among  them 
was  h,s  estnnate  of  the  murders,  necessarily  far  from  final,   at   the 
figure  of  twelve  thousand.*     The  leaf,    which  contains  his  paper 
.s    almost  the    only  leaf    in     (the    latest)  Parliamentary    Paper 
Iurkey,No   5;,    "presented   to  both    Houses  of  Parliament  by 
Her  Majesty  s  command,"  which  in  refe.  3nce  to  the  main  issue   is 
worth  more  than  a  straw.f     I   have   read  that  compilation   with 
pam  and   humd.afon,   called   forth  by  finding   that   this  was   all 
wh.ch,  m  the  month  of  August,  the  whole  power  and  promises  of 
the  Governmen^  could  contribute  towards  the   elucidation  of  hor- 
rd3le  transact.or  ,  the   greatest  and  worst  of  which  occurred  ,f  not 
•  n  Aprd   yet  early  n,  May.     Mr.  Baring's  Report  exists  no  doubt 
fo    us  :  but  only  m  hope.      When  it  comes,   we  shall    receive    it 

that  the  (toman  Government  will   have  done   everything 'in    its 

power   Ob, nd   and   baffle    and  mislead   him.      But  is  it^qually 
u.e,  that  jtwdl  be  so  received   all  over  Kurope  .^    Or,  after  whal 

has  passed,  can  we   reasonably  expect  that   it  should  .'    Possiblv 

when  ,t  appears,  it  n,ay  dispute,  and  even  correct,  son.e  of  th'e' 

atements  now    before  us.     It  may  establish   a  few  deductions 

-n  he  awful  total.  It  is  one  of  the  painful  incidents  of  a  case 
hke  th,s  that  .njusfce  may  be  done  unwittinglv  to  this  or  that 
-an,  .n  tins  or  that  circumstance,  e^•en  l>v  the  most  necessl  and 
best-consKlered  efforts  to  attain  the  ends  of  justice  The  e 
quesfons  do  not  admit  of  absolute,  Inu  only  of  reaionabi;  certain 
t}.     What  seems   now  to  be  c^^rtain   in  this  sense  (besides  the 


*  Mr  Sch«y!cr-s  estimate  is  15,000  ut  "  the  lowest." 
T  Paper  No.  5,  p.  5. 


f    «i 


32 


BULGARIAN  HORRORS  AND 


"  Murder,  most  foul  as  in  the  best  it  is 
But  this  most  foul,  strange,  and  uiuutiu:.],"  • 

Tu^t'Toa,;;'''!''""'   "''^''^-*^  "■"^  -"--• "  °f  which 
lUFKey    Doasts!— the    utter     d  srejrarcl    of     s^v     nr,,i  l 

»,n7„7H  ,  ""''  '=''l""'»iW''  "i'lence  before  me.     For 

"ev     ;'.,"■;,""■  '"■;'"'"*•''"  '"  "■=  Sana,,.  effort  of  Mr 
Ashley,  nt  ihe  te.  g„,p  of  .he  Session.     Bu,  ,he  report  of  Mr 

State  ,s  more  or  less  open  to  the  imputation  of  bias  L,t 
has  neither  alliances  with  Turke;,  nor  ZZeslJ^t 
purposes  to  gain  by  her  destrnctio;.     Slt^  emer!  into    I  i        '  "" 

: Ji '  o  vi iteirr™:'  ""'"'"^ '-  ""'^' "- '™'"  •-  '-^rify: 

evide^c'el^alltao r""l  '"  "=  ^""'*""^  '''''  '"  P™"'   «' 
evwei!.e  to  ca  I  for  action,  when,  as  I  am  writing,  a  new  niece  of 

testimony  reaches  met  throngh  the  courtesv  of  M  Mulls      it  ts 
a  French  Translation  of  a  Report  on  the  Bulgarian  ees    d    ed 
J.!v..,  presented  to, he  Ottoman  Governmom  by  a  co  ,  m,   '  L 
of  A„,su;,na„    and    Christian    notable,,,    and    ...proved    Z     h 
Adn,m,str„t,ve  r  uncil  of  Philippopoli.     Since  it'  i' p„,  for„l|    s 

E<l,b  Kffenc,  on  the  "Vilayet"  of  Adriano.le),  ,  l.ope  i,  w,°i  fo 
tie    sake   o     justice,    be    extensively   rea,         Others    maJiink 
ci.tfe,en,ly  of  ,.  from  nryself.     I  cannot  bu.  at  one.  denounce         s 


*  Hamlet,  i  5. 


t  September  2d. 


THE  QUESTION  OF  THE  EAST.  33 

a  disgraceful  document ;  coufir.natory.  in  its  moral  effect,  even  of 
the  worst  parts  of  the  charges.      After  all   that  ha;,  happened    it 
would  have  been  to  much  to  expect  a  word  of  penitence  or  shanle  • 
but  It  does  not  contain   a  word  of  sorrow  or  compassion.     'I'he 
reporting    Commission,    which    was    armed    with     the     powers 
of    the    State,      wonders      that      the      Bulgarians    should    have 
nsen  against  their  '<  pat^nal  "♦  government ;  describes  them  as  a 
peaceable,  primitive,  and  docile  people  ;  f  and  then  charges  th.m 
largely     w.ti.     murdering.     buM.ing,    impaling,    roasting,     men 
women,   and     children    indiscriminately,   with   the  extremest    re^ 
finemen:s   o     cruelty.*     ()„e  of  the   most  ucnnite  statements  it 
contams   ,s  th.s ;  U  cites,§  as  a  proof  of  the  "  barbarous  devasta- 
tions    comnmted  by  the  insurgents,  th.  destruction  of-a  great 
bndge  over  the  Railway.     It  is  full  of  laudations  of  the  hun,ant   y 
and  cons.derat.on  of  the  troops,  the  a,mmande,s,  and  the  Mussul 
man  population  |I     It  denounces  thos.  who  have  opened  the     yes 
o    Europe  to  tins  Turkish  Inferno^  as  the  "fantasti'c  storv-na'/er 
of  d.smal  ep.sodes."T     It  takes  no  notice  of  the  attested  fact    1  I 
he  boches  of  slatn  woman  and  children  lie  in  nutltitudes,  unbu    ed 
and  exposed  ;  except  indeed  by  alleging  that  at   Prestenitza  some 
of  the  insurgents  slew  their  own  women  and  children.  Dated  thr  ^e 
months  after  the  first  outbreak,  and  full  of  horrible  accusa  io  s   il 
contams  hardly  in  a  single  instance  such  verifving  ,^  "'as 

would  al  ow  of  the  detection  of  falsehood  by  inquiry  Lo  the  state 
ment.     And  >t  winds  up  with  a  particular  account  of  a  plnsch  ic 
pamphlet,  printed  at  Moscow  in  1867  !  ^ansciaxic 

Then    by  way  of   Appendix,  comes  one  original  document  in 
proof,  whtch  contains,  in  the  form  of  a  sort  of  C.ftechism,  Z         " 
a;.d   .nstructtons  of  the  gieat  Bulgarian   conspiracy,     'rhei       J 
s.gned  by  twelve  names  of  individuals,  without  profession   or  er^ 
Ployment  specified  ;  who  may,  for  all  we  know,  hL  b  en  the  mo" 
s.gn.ficant  men  in  the  cou.Ury.     The  Report  however,  statis  tha 
^  Insu^Us  had  instructions  to  massacre  th;  Mussulm:!:^:     ! 
-on.  I  he  sole  document  appended  in  proof  of  its  char-  es  con 

resist,  tiie  tollowing  passa<i-e  -ft 

^^t:jSj^''  '^'''  '-  "  '-  ^— ^  -'^'^  -S-c'  to  those 
"  ^«.«.r.  They  should  be  put  in  charge  of  our  agents,  wlio  will 


Pp.  S,  n 


IV. 


t  i'p-  9.  10. 


P 


s- 


§  P' 

tl  p. 


■•g-  p.  15. 


24 


BULGARIAN  HORRORS  AND 


ccMnxT   hem  to  the  headquarters  of  the  insurrection.    From  thence 
they  w,n  be  sent,  with  their  families  and  with  the  n^ed,  to  the  1: 
ces  occup.ed  for  refuge  by  ou:  own  fannh'es.      T„r^,r    to  U^ trc 

an  it  f/ie  ho  it  or  of  our  07vn  people. "  J  J 

The  perusal  of  this  statement  of  the  T^kish  case  remo^•es  from 
my  m,nd  any  remaining  scruple.  The  facts  are,  in  tl,e  gross  suf- 
ficiently established.  The  next,  and  for  us  the  gra-.>st  itart  of  tic 
inquiry  is,  What  have  we  h.d  to  do  with  then,  p 


if 


I 


THE  BRITISH  FLEET  AT  BESIKA  BAY. 

It  WPS  on  the  3oth  of  April  that  the  insurrection  broke  out  in 
Bulgaria  n  the  beginning  of  May,  the  horrors  of  the  repression 
had  reached  their  climax.  We  had  then  no  other  concern  in  them 
than  this  very  indirect  one,  that  we  were  supporting  rather  too 
blindly  and  unwarily  in  the  councils  of  Europe  the  Supposed  in- 
terest of  the  Power,  which  thus  disgraced  itself 

On  the    9th   of  May,   Sir  HenrV  Elliot  seems  to  have  had  no 
consular  information  about  Bulgaria,  except  a  statement  (strange 
enough)  from   Adrianople.  dated  the  6th,*  that  as  far  as  appeared 
he  lurks  were  not  committing  any  acts  of  violence  agains   peace- 
ful  Christians.     But,   observing  a  great  Mahomedan  exciten.ent 
and   an  extensive  purchase  of  arms  in   Constantinople,  he  wiselv' 
telegraphed   to  the  British  Admiral  in   the  Mediterranean,   expres- 
s.ng  a  des.i-e  that  he  would  bnng  his  squadron  to  Besika  Bav.  The 
Firpose  was,   for  the   protection  of   British  subjects,  and  'of  the 
Christians  in  general.t     This  judicious   act.  done   bv  the  Ambas 
sador  ,n  conjunction  witii  the   Ambassadors  of  other'  Powers    wi,o 
seem  to  have  taken   similar  steps,  was  communicated   bv  hini  to 
Lord  Derby  on  the  gth  of  May  by  letter  and  bv  tele-naph  % 

On  the  fifth  had  occurred  the  murder  of  the'lMend,  and  (ierman 
Consuls  at  Salon.ca.  On  the  rs.h.  the  Admiraltv  acquainted  the 
I'oreign  Office  that  the  squadron  was  onlcre.l  to  Hesika  Bav  the 
'  Swiftsure"  sent  to  Salonica,  and  (as  Sir  H.  Klliol  had  also  a'sked) 
the  •  Bittern -'to  Constantinople.^  These  measures,  were  substan- 
t'^^Ily   wise,  and  purely   pacific.     They  had,  if  understood   rightlv 


*  I'.ul.  I'.ipcr- 
t  kl.  J).  146. 


.  urkcv. 


.v.).  3,  1S76.  J).  145. 

X  Itl.  p.  129. 


§  I'l- 1'.  147. 


THE  QUESTION  OF  THE  EAST  25 

no    political    aspect  ;    or   if  any,   one  rather    anti-Turkish    than 
Turkish. 

But  there  were  reasons,  and  strong  reasons,  why  the  public 
should  not  have  been  left  to  grope  out  for  itself  the  meaning  of  a 
step  so  serious,  as  the  movement  of  a  naval  squadron  towards  a 
country  disturbed  both  by  revolt,  and  by  an  outbreak  of  murderous 
fanaticism.  • 

In  the  year  1853,  when  the  negotiations  with  Russia  had  assumed 
a  gloomy  and  almost  a  hopeless  aspect,  the  English  and  French 
fleets  were  sent  Eastwards  :  not  as  a  measure  of  war,  but  as  a 
measure  of  preparation  for  war,  and  proximate  to  war.  The  pro- 
ceeding marked  a  transition  of  discussion  into  that  angry  stage, 
which  immediately  precedes  a  blow ;  and  the  place,  to  which  tlie 
fleets  were  then  sent,  was  Besika  Bay.  In  the  absence  of  inform- 
ation, how  could  the  British  nation  avoid  supposing  that  the  same 
act,  as  that  done  in  1853,  bore  also  the  same  meaning.? 

It  is  evident  that  the  Foreign  Minister  was  sagaciously  alive  to 
this  danger.     On  the   loth  of  May,  he  asked   Sir  H.  Elliot  for  a 
particular  statement  of  the  reasons,  which  had  led  him   to  desire 
the  presence  of  the  squadron  "  at  Besika  Bay."*     He  indicated  to 
the  Admiralty  Smyrna  as  a  preferable  destination.f     And  this  he 
actually  ordered  ;  but  he  yielded,  and  I  believe  he  was  quite  right 
ni  yielding,  to  the  renewed  and  just  instances  of  the  Ambassactor. 
The  Government,  then,   were  aware  of  the  purely  pacific  char- 
acter of  this  measure,  and  also  that  it  was  one  liable  to  be   dan- 
gerously misconstrued. 

There  was  another  reason  for  securing  it  from  misinterpi-etation. 
At  this  very  time,  the  Berlin  Memorandum  was  prepared.  It  was 
announced  by  Lord  Odo  Russell  to  Lord  Derby  on  May  the  13th  • 
and,  on  May  15th,  he  sent  to  Lord  Odo  an  elaborate  pleading, 
rather  than  argument,  against  it.*  It  became  known  to  the  public 
that  we  were  in  diplomatic  discord  with  Europe,  and  particularlv  with 
Russia.  Now  the  transition  from  discussion  pure  and  simple  to 
discussion  backed  by  display  of  force  is  a  transition  of  vast  and 
vital  imp.utance.  The  dispatch  of  the  fleet  to  Besika  Bav,  could 
not  hut  be  interpreted,  in  the  absence  of  expl 


pr< 

that  perilous  transition, 
held. 


A 


planation,  as   marking 
m\  yet  explanation  was  resolutelv  with- 


I'.iil.  I'apers,  Tuikoy,  Xo.  3,  tR;6,  p.  r 


t  Id.  p.  ijt 


t  Id.  pp.  137,  147. 


If 


26 


J^ULGARIAN  IIORlWliS  AND 


'^^i:f:::T:i^-::^^' "-  p"''"^  .-c,.  t,. 


Russian   Funds  fell  vcr-r  lif-i,.,!,.         i 

o.../,««.,.  ,|,e  bane,  i„  n  y  Li  1  ''':  ,'"""';  "'  """' '»  -^"^"l 
Turk  was  ™c„„„,„,  i,,  n,!  lu'  y,  ,  r"''','"  "r.''  '""= 
now  know,  wWle  l,k  |„n,l,  were  s„  ,,.,n  ,  I  "'  """' "»  "'"^ 
I'orcign  capitals  wore  an,  a^cl  a,  '"7  "'"'  ""''-'"'■'»"  l"°<"'- 

wo.::t,;:::,';:::  ^":;;;;:;'^-- ;-;  '->  -»..«)..  i^n.  .„.,.  wo. 

creased  i,,  „„,  bv  so, X    ',      e  ro^  T'  "'",  ."f  '"">■  '""'"''  "'" 
available  f„,  landin,,  c„  ^i  |er,    ,  f "'"  "'''"■'''  ''"''  '-S"  "ews, 

"f  defoncli,,,.  ,„el  "T  ^'^  """*"»  "f  ""■■".  f"'-  '1»^-  pmpose 
ironclads,  „-r,l,"  V  T-T  ?  """''"'"  ^'^a"-' ^  ''«  tbose  as. 
'y.  display  ,  W  .  ,t  ":'''  ""■  ■  ,"■"'■'"  '" '-'"^'"y.  -"I  l-ond- 
aco.n.a,e  i.en,en  "trrbeCradicLT^'^'     "  ""'  ^^^  '«"  "" 

must  call  a  ,t,,"  c     ^  f     ''»'  °"''  ^"'"''■"■>''  *'»'  ">•«  I 

conlinnod,  wl    „  -^  J'T     •';    "''  "'"='^'  ""''  "•'^^^■^^-     "   -'s  so 
Oi^paich  of  „:,;',':;  "f'^l*-"'™  a»  'o  .1.0  ..no  canso  of  .„c 

alann.     I  adnd  "  ,,  a       ' !     T.  T"""'  ""  '"''"'■'""'•  '«»-l'a.«l  all 

•i"'-=  a  li.ile  vatele  s    '1,     '  .        '"'■    '"  ''''''""«'  ^"  "«  ''"'"^ 
AM  ,Mo  ,•      ^"•"*  populaniy,  loo  <leailv  bought 

par-ofiMbofei ;  „!  r:f:,::"\rr'''"f  "■  "■^'  '"■- 

deeds  b,ad  be-un      a.J  ,  *"-'  ■'''°"'  '''"^^h  ""'»- 

req..es,sotm,;Xr,'o   1,    '"""     7  '"""'""   »'  "•   ^"».    "- 
".e  Eas,  were      pe^e'dl       f'r'T''  '"'■ ;"""™'-  "'fon..a,x,n  abon. 

•ion  of  it  wonl,r  o      j„       :  .t  ';■''"■,?""""■""'  '"^  ""*- 
con,,>li„,e„,s  were  accep  «    w  ,1^1       •  '  7"""  '     ''^'J'  "'"'^' 

-an  oonsen,,  bn,  co.Im  n,  \  ,;' r'- .^  -'>  ""."..■>■  nnV|,. 
Peer  in  i|,o  House  of  T  ,„-,i  ,  r  "  '  '"""  '"""-'  "'an  one 
in  .he  House  o  Col n"  \  'V'""'  '""  "'""'"'^  '"  ''^""^'""^"t 
e.™nen.  w,as  purs^riiribe,  ■,:;"■  "«"^""'  '"*->'  "•'■■■'^"  "'"  «-- 

.n^;':i:::s;s  *;:;;::""« -'"^ ''-"■."■■".  an.,  snn,- 

*  July 

of  tWLlltV 


:";;!h;:::;  :;*:'!'''' '''r'':'-'''™i..T„uis„„ 


vosscIk  : 


<^'icveii  ironci.i 


^i»,  .iiKl  nine  uiuiniKncd  .ships  of  w 


iiijrs  cimsisicc 


THE  QUESTION  OF  THE  EAST.  2j 

At  last  came  a  day  of  disclosure.     Lord  Derby  received  at  the 
Foreign  Office,  on  the  i4tli  of  July,  a  numerous  and  weighty  deputa- 
tion.    They  went  there  in  the  interests  of  peace,  to  which  I  cor- 
dially wish  well,  and  of  non-interference— a  word  which,  in  my 
opinion,  must  be  construed,  especially  for  the  East  of  Europe,  with 
a  just  regard  to  our  honorable  engagements,  and  to  the  obligations 
they  entail.     These  gentlemen  did  not  at  all  ai)provc  of  the  demon- 
strat.on  in  Besika  Bay.     Lord  Derby  justified  it,  by  admitting  that 
portion  of  Parliament  and  the  public,  who  formed  the  Deputation, 
for  the  first  time,  to  the  knowledge  of  the  truth.     He  stated  that  it 
wassent,  at  the  request  of  Sir  H.  Elliot,  for  the   defence  of  the 
Christians  against  a  possible  outbreak  of  Mahometan  fanaticism. 
1  he  country,  or  great  part  of  it,  felt  relieved  and  grateful.    But  the 
nnsch.ef  that  had  been  done  by  the  moral  support,  and  I  say  boldly 
by  the  material  support,  afforded  to  Turkey  during  all  those  blood- 
stained  weeks  (the  Servian  war,  too,  was  now  raging)  was  not,  and 
could  no   be  remedied.     To  repair,  in  some  degree,  the  effects  of 
that  mischief  is  now  a  prime  part  of  the  peculiar  obligation  imposed 
upon  the  people  of  this  country.     For,  in  fact,  whatever  our  Men- 
tions may  have  been,  it  is  our  doing. 

And  how  are  we,  in  this  particular,  to  set  about  the  work  of 
reparation  ?  Any  reader  who  has  accompanied  me  thus  far  will 
probably  expect  that  I,  at  least,  shall  answer  the  question  by 
recommending  the  withdrawal  of  the  Fleet  from  Besika  Bay.  But 
such,  I  must  at  once  say,  is  not  my  view  of  duty  or  of  policy.  I 
woidd  neither  recall  the  fleet,  nor  reduce  it  by  one  ship  or  man. 

We  have  been  authoritatively  warned,  that  the  condition  of  the 
Christians  in  1  urkey  is  now  eminently  critical.  The  issue  of  the 
uar  is  still  hanging  m  the  balances,  which  have  wavered  from  day 

till  do  .       r,     ''""■  "^  ''■"''  "'"'  P°^^'''''>'  ^'"'^  ^^°'"  ^^i^'^«»n  n^ay 

1     1  nv    ;   1      'T-""  '"*  ""^  ^'"■^"^''^>'  ''  ^'^--^'  -^h  ;hich 

old    ;  "    r"'  °'  '""'•'  ''"y  °"  ''^^  -"^-^-     We  are 

tokl,   ^ul     oo  much  appearance  of  credibility,  that  if  the  fortune  of 

Nvai  should  veer  adversely  to  Turkey,  the  consequence  might  be,  in 
various  provinces,  a  new  and  wide  outbreak  of  fanaticism,  and  a 
wholesale  massacre.  My  hope,  therefore,  is  two-fold.  First,  that, 
through  the  energetic  attitude  of  the  people  of  England,  their  Gov- 
ernment may  be  lead  to  declare  distinctly,  that  it  is  for  purposes  of 
-•-;n„y  alone  that  we  have  a  fleet  in  Turkish  waters.  Secondly, 
t'^-'^'i^-U  floe  will  l,e  so  distributed  as  to  enable  its  force  to  be 
most  promptly  and  efficiently  applied,  in  case  of  need,  on  Turkish 


28 


nULGARTAN  HORRORS  AND 


soil   in  concert  with  the  otI,er  Powers,  for  the  defence  of  innocent 

uts  and  to  prevent  the  ....ctition  of  those  recent  scenes  .t  v  hid 

hell  Itself  nii^rlit  almost  hlush.  '        ^    ^'' 

For  it  mnst  not  be  for-^otten  that  the  last  utterance  on  this  sub 

ec   was  fron,  the  I>rin,e  Minister,  and  was  to  the   .^J,        V"t 

flee    was  ,n  the  Kast  for  the  support  of  British  interests.     ^.^ 

^U   s  constant  sysU..  of  appeal   to  our  selhsh  leanings.       ^^ 

P  ^  1-.  h,h,s  ;  ,t  hKles  the  true  ;  it  <Iisturbs  the  worhir    Wlu,  1^ 

If  the  declaration  be  anything-  beyond  mere  i<lle  bra^  it  means  ,h   t 
our  fK.et.wai.in,  for  the  dissolution  of   the  Tur^h   K  m      J  , 

Jf   h  s  be  tin-  n,ean^,.^  „  ,s  pure  mischief  ;  and  if  we  want  to  form 
•-v  Jt.s    It-dnn,cnt  upon  it,  we  have  only  to  put  a  parallel  case     V    a 
^-,.d  we  say   if  Russia  had  assen.bled  in  armv  on   t,^  Pa.U,   o 
A^s.naon  the  Danube,  and  Prince  Gortschakoff  ;>r  Count  An    r^.^ 
wee  to  announce  that   it  was   so   fathered,  and  so  posted  ,1 

do  enee  of  Russ.au,  or  of  Austrian  interests  respectively"  ' 

it  ii  thai'w   '".       iT  "";""'  ^'■— •— '  ^^rore  describing  what 
it  s  that  ue  should  seek  and  should  desire,  it  n,av  be  well  to  con 

tl.ttZT^^'  '""^'^  '''''-■  ^" '-  ^'^--^  ^'■-'- 

of  1      r]T  V"  "'"'""'  ""•■  ^"^'^"■•"•"ent,  there  are  plentv 

of       se    ,, lus  set  up  f<,r  us.  which  lead  to  certain  siupwreek.     Ti, 

by^esta.^^  Arany  a  time  ha!  !:::;: 

good  s  M  „^  ,^  ,^  ^^  ^^^^^^^^  ^^^_^  ^^  ^^_^^^  ^^_^_ 

b  ck    V  "Z^"^^-^''''  '^^"^   ^"  ar,ue,aswas   a,^,ued   sometin.e 

Hk        a  very  clever  and  highly  enlightened  evening  lournal.  tiKU 

'     n  lu,ke>  should  remam  unhappy,  rather  than  that  (such  was 
duanatne  hardily  presente.H  two  hnndred  nnllions  .  "     .',     ^ 

I  iHuUcIbedeprnecIofthebenetUsof   nntishrule.an<l 

"   llions  n.ore  u,  the  United  Kingdon   n.ulc  uncon.f  ,rtable   b      |   . 

Prote      with  ""    T   '"  ^""■'  ^•^••'■"^  '^  ''"P-^--^  "-t 

serud  ,  r        '■""     '-^  f^-"^-""-.go.  the  new  Suhan 

-'ud  the  term,  and  very  well.      Men  aftirmed  that  he  must  have 

(lis:  L;;!ri^;:;Jr.;-r:;lt.^';- ::;;;;;;';  ';r  '"^■"'-^ '  "-^^ 

■    •"  '•^'""a-stock,  not  picscmablc  ir  ' 


more  fasliionablc  distri 


'CtS, 


THE  QUESTION  OF  2 HE  EAST.  29 

time.    Ami  now  another  new  Sultan  is  in  tlie  offing.    I  suppose  it  will 
be  argued  that  he  must  have  time  too.     Then  there  will  be  perhaps 
new   constitutions;    firmans  of  reforms;   pioclamations   to  com- 
manders of  Turkish  armies,  enjoining  extra  humanity.     All  these 
should  be  set  down  as  simply  equal  to  zero.     At  this  moment  we 
hear  of  the  adoption  by  the  Turks  of  the  last  and  most  enlightened 
rule  of  warfare  ;    namely,  the   Geneva  Convention.     They  might 
just  as  well  adopt  the  Vatican  Council,  or  the  British  Constitution. 
All  these  things  are  not  even  the  oysters  before  the  dinner.     Still 
worse  is   an)-  plea   founded  upon  any  reports  made  by  Turkish 
authority  upon  the   Bulgarian  outrages.     This  expedient  has  been 
long  ago  tried  by  sending  a   Special  Commissioner,  Edib  Effendi, 
who   relates    in   effect  that  the  outrages  were  small,  and  almost  all 
committed  by  the  Christians.     Mr.  Schuyler,  officially,  and  with  an 
American   directness,  declares   that   Edib's  report  contains   state- 
ments on  a  particular  point,  ''and  on  every  other,  which  are  utterly 
unfounded  in  fact,"  and  that  it  practically  is  "  a  tissue  of  false- 
hoods."    Again  ;  one  of  T^e  latest  artiSces  is  to  separate  the  ques- 
tion of  Servia  from  the  question  of  Fierzegovina  and  Bosnia  an'd  of 
Bulgaria.     How,  asks  the  '  Pall  Mall  Gazette,'  can  Turkev  improve 
their  condition   while   war  is   going  on?     Inter  arma  silent  leges. 
Give  her  peace,  that  she  may  set  about  reforms.     If  the  people  of 
this  country  are  in  earnest,  they  will  brush  aside  all  these  and  all 
other  cobwebs,  and   will  march   as  if  they  marched  to  drum  and 
fife,  straight,  with  one  heart  and   one   mind,  ohne  Hast  and  o/ine 
Hast,  towards  their  aim. 

The  case  of  the  Servian  war  is,  in  outer  form,  quite  distinct  from 
that  of  the  misgovernment  in  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina ;  and  these 
again,  from  the  Bulgarian  outrages.  But  they  are  distinct  simply 
as  the  operations  in  the  Baltic,  during  the  Crimean  War,  were  dis- 
tinct from  the  operations  in  the  Black  Sea.  They  had  one  root ; 
they  must  surely  have  one  remedy,  I  mean  morallv  one  ;  and  ad- 
ministeied  by  the  same  handling  ;  for,  if  one  part  of  the  question 
be  placed  in  relief,  and  one  in  shadow,  the  light  will  not  fall  on  the 
dark  places,  and  guilt  will  gain  impunity. 

The  case  against  Servia  is  the  best  part  of  the  Turkish  case. 
Servia,  before  she  moved,  had  suffered  no  direct  injury;  she  had 
no  stateable  cause  of  war.  It  does  not  follow  that  she  has  com- 
mitted a  wanton  aggression,  or  has,  in  fact,  been  guilty  of  any  moral 
offence.  A  small  and  recently  ordered  Stale,  with  a  weak  govern- 
ment, and  a  peninsular  territory,  she  is  surrounded  on  every  side 


30 


m 


•ifi 


BULGARIAN  HORRORS  AND 


pfefse;    '  "  '  r    "^^  ^'^'-^--^'-  of  her  frontier,  by  op- 
pre    eel  ,„  ,  ...sgoverned  Sclave  populations;  along  nearlv  half  of 
t,  by  a  Sc  ave  population  in  actual  revolt,  whon.  tl.e  T.ul        ,d 
been  unable  to  put  down,  and  whom  Europ^  had  ceased 
succeeded    in    overthrowir,o-   ,i,.    x>    ,    Tr  '  ^'""-"^  '^'^ 

tho^..h  pacifically,  to  bT  ^nc        1^^  .^^---^'-^    actively, 
tl-^  sympathize  iith  these  p^.la^       '     Z^^t^  TT 

m.1:,  though  rarely,  occur,  let  him  ren,e,nber  the  public  excite  nent 
of  t  ,s  countrj^  nine  n.onths  ago,  respecting  the  lla.^C^t;::^ 
the  Government ;  and  ask  Imnself  whether  we  n.odel  om-  pro  td 
ngs  towards  slaveholding  powers,  respecting  runawl  on  the  "re" 
cisejMovis.ons  of  international  law      Now  surh  -,      ^  ' .      ^''^  ^''''- 

as  t„r„pe„„  ,„,„„  gave  a  l.opc  of  r.dres,  for  their    bre  I  ."  n" 

Sr':".;  e  -frs"  "■"  "■" :"-'  "'""■^"=" "°  -"'off:,: 

Thirteen  Colonies  of  America  in  T7«,   1-.^  ,        .•  '-i^^'t.  lor  tne 

peace  with  ^r   ,f  p  v  '^'^'  '"  '7«2,  to  negotiate  separately  for 

peace  with  ^  cat  Britain,  as  itwould  be  for  Europe  in  1876  to  ^llow 
^^at,in  a  settlement  with  Turke^^  the  five  cases  of  Servi a    lJs  i 

"  eZ:r;i  ^"'^'"^"°r^'  ^"'^^'^"'^'  ^'''^"^^'  ^^  deaitwith  o  1" : 

Th  r     s"  ?:n"";;"^'f  ""'^  "'  °"^  ^^"^  ^'^^^  ^--'  ^— ^ion. 

us  a  cent    /r^^ror     "     '"^""-     ""^  "°^  ^^^  "'^  ^^^'^  ^-'  ''°  -^  '^t 
us  accept,  Jonahs  or  scapegoats,  either  En-dish  or  Turl-i.h       r^  • 

not  a  change  of  men  that  we  want,  but  a  cltangl  of  m  at;  ;    New 
Sultans  or  new  ministers  anion- Turl-s  nP«..         i     ""''^^"'^s.  New 

of  changmg  men,  the  first  questson  that  will  ari  e  Ml   be    ha    1^ 
ill,, 'L!"    ."'..,"  7  ';°P'-:  =>""  "'J;  "I-™-.  »l.en  once  ,1,.  „,J 


'^ns  as  to  British  sentim 


cnt  are  dispelled,  and  Lord  Derby 


IS 


THE  QUESTION  OF  THE  EAST.  3, 

set  free,  with  liis  clear,  impartial  mind  aiul  unostentatious  charac- 
ter, to  shape  the  course  of  the  Administration,  he  will  both  faith- 
fully and  firmly  give  effect  to  the  wishes  of  the  country. 

We  come  now  to  consider  the  objects  we  should  desire  and  seek 
for  through  our  Government. 

I  trust  they  will  endeavor  to  make  up,  by  means  of  the  future 
for  the  serious  deficiencies  of  the  past.  Let  them  cast  aside  their 
narrow  and  ill-conceived  construction  of  the  ideas  of  a  former  ne- 
nod.  I  am  well  aware  of  the  necessity  which,  after  the  severe 
labors  of  the  Parliamentary  Session,  obliges  the  Ministers  to  dis- 
Rerse  for  a  period  of  repose.  Nevertheless,  in  so  grave  a  state  of 
tacts,  I  trust  we  shall  soon  hear  of  a  meeting  of  the  Cabinet  It 
IS  not  yet  too  late,  but  it  is  very  urgent,  to  aim  at  the  accomplish- 
ment of  three  great  objects,  in  addition  to  the  termination  of  th*e 
^\ar,  3et  (m  my  view)  inseparably  associated  with  it. 

1.  To  put  a  stop  to  the  anarchical  misrule  (let  the  phrase  be 
excused),  the  plundering,  the  murdering,  which,  as  we  now 
seem  to  learn  upon  sulhcient  evidence,  still  desolate  Bul- 
garia. 

2.  To  make  effectual  provision  against  the  recurrence  of  the 
outrages  recently  perpetrated  under  the  sanction  of  the 
Ottoman  Government,  by  excluding  its  administrative  ac- 
tion for  the  future,  not  only  from  Bosnia  and  the  Her^e-o- 
vnie,  but  also,  and  above  all,  from  Bulgaria;  upon  which, 
at  best,  there  will  remain,  for  years  and  for  generations, 
the  traces  of  its  foul  and  bloody  hand. 

3.  To  redeem  by  these  measures  the  honor  of  the  British  name 
winch  in  the  deplorable  events  of  the  year,  has  been  more 
gravely  compromised  than  I  have  known  it  to  be  at  any 
former  period.  ^ 

/have  named,  then,  three  great  aims,  which  ought  I  think  at  this 
cns.s  to  \^  engraved  on  the  heart,  and  demanded  by  the  voice  of 
"•'tain.     I  may  be  asked,  either  seriously  or  tauntinglv,  whether 

-e  is  not  also  a  fourth  to  be  added,  namely,  the  mailJt'enance  o 
tile    'territorial  integrity  of  'J'urkey." 

In  order  to  comprehend  the  force  and  bearing  of  this  expression 
U  IS  necessary  to  go  back  for  a  moment  to  the  Crimean  War  The 
watclnvord  of  that  War,  and  of  the  policy  which  preceded  ii,  was, 

Ihe    integrity  and    independence  of   Turkey."      Of   these  two 


32 


BULGARIAN  HOERORS  AND 


liii 


phrase.snncgr,ty  and  indepcMKlcnce,  the  bearing  is  perfectly  dis- 
Uncti  he  first  ,s  negative,  the  second  positive.  The  integrity 
of  Turkey  u,l  be  nuuntained  by  a  titular  sovereignty,  verified  as 
It  were  tiirough  a  moderate  payment  of  tribute,  in  order  that  Otto- 
man sovereignty  may  serve  the  purpose  of  shutting  out  from  the 
present  Imuts  of  the  Turkish  Empire  any  other  sovereignty,  or  a.,v 
exerase  ,n  whole  or  in  part,  of  sovereign  rights  by  any  othJr  Power', 
whether  .t  be  Russ.a  on  the  Euxine,  or  Austria  on  the  Danube,  o. 
France  or  Rnghmd  on  the  Nile  and  the  Red  Sea 

The  independence  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  is 'a  very  different 
ailau-.  It  meant  at  the  time  of  the  Crimean  War,  and  it  means 
now,  that,  apart  from  Roumania  and  Servia,  where  Europe  is 
already  formally  concerned,  and  apart  from  anv  arrangements 
self-made  w.th  a  vassal  State  like  Egypt,  which  can  l>old  Its  own 
uga.nst  Constantinople,  the  Porte  is  to  be  left  in  the  actual,  daily 
and  free  adnnmstration  of  all  the  provinces  of  its  vast  dominion 

Now,  as  regards  the  territorial  integrity  of  Turkey,  I  for  one  am 
s  Ml  desu-ous  to  see  it  uphehl,  though  I  do  not  say  that  desire 
should  be  treated  as  of  a  thing  paran,ount  to  still  higher  objects 
of  po hey.  lor  of  all  the  objects  of  policy,  in  mv  comietion  hu 
mamty,  rationally  un.lerstood,  and  in  due  relation'  to  justice,  is  the 
first  and  h.ghest.  My  belief  is  that  this  great  aim  need  not  be 
con,prom,,scd,  and  that  other  important  objects  would  oe  gained 
by  mauuaming  the  territorial  integrity  of  Turkey 

There  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that,  at  the  present  moment,  any 
of  the  Continental    Powers  are  governed  by  selfish  or  ag-n-essive 
vtevvs  m  their  Eastern  Policy.     The  neighbors  of  Turker.Kunely 
Austna  and  Russ.a,  are  the  two  Powers  who  might,  in    .n'any  con 
ce.vable  states  of  European  affairs,  most  naturally  be  tempted  into 
plans  of  self  aggrandizement  at  her  expense.     But    the  peculiar 
conformation  of  Austria   in   respect  to  territories  and  to  the  races 
which  mhab.t  them,  has  operated,  and  will   probably  at   least  for 
the  present  operate,  so  as  to  neutralize   this   temptation.     In   the 
case  of  Russia,  we  have  been  playing,  through  our  Government, 
a  game  of  extreme  indiscretion.     Pretending  to  thwart,  to  threaten 
and  tobu.ly  her  ue  have  most  mal-adroitly,  and  most  assiduouslv, 
played  into  her  hands.     Every  circumstance  of  the   most  obviou 
prudence  dictates  to  Russia,  for  the  present  epoc'.,  what  is  called 
he  waiting gane.  Her  policy  is,  to  preserve  or  to  restore  tranquillity 
fo    the  presen  ,  and  to  take  the  chances  of  the  future.     We    have 
acted  towards  !ier  as  if  s!     "     " 


>he  had  a  present  conspiracy  in  hand,  and 


as 


THE  QUESTION  OF  THE  EAST.  j^j^ 

if  the  future  did  not  exist,  or  never  could  arrive.     But,  regard  it  or 
not,  arrive  it  will.     It  offers  Russia  many  chan  One  acquisi- 

tion, if  now  made  by  her,  would  bring  those  ch.,.  .        -.,/  near  to 
certainties.     In  European  Turkey,  it  cannot  too  often  ^.^  repeated, 
the  Christian  element  is  the  growing,  and   the  Turkish  the  decay- 
ing one.     If  a'conviction  can  but  be  engendered  in  the  Christian 
that  is  for  the  present  purpose  mainly  the  Sclavonic,  mind  of  the' 
Turkish  provinces,  that  Russia  is  their  stay,  and   England   their 
enemy,  then  indeed  the  comriiand  of  Russia  over  the  future  of 
Eastern  Europe  is  assured.     And  this  conviction,  through  the  last 
six  months,  we  have  done  everything  that  was   in  ou?  power  to- 
beget  and  to  confirm. 

But  we  may,  I  hope,  say  truly  what  Louis  Napoleon,  in   1870 
telegraphed  in  error :  tout  pent  se  retnbUr.     Russia  has  in  late  years 
done  much  to  estrange  the  Greek  Christians  of  the  Levant :  and 
the  Sclaves  will,  we  may  be  sure,  be  at  least  as  ready  to  accept 
help  from  Powers  which  are  perforce  more  disinterested,  as  from 
Powers  that  may  hereafter  hope  and  claim  to  be  repaid  for  it  in 
political  influence  or  supremacy.     It  is  surely  wise,  then,  to  avail' 
ourselves  of  that  happy   approach  to  unanimity  which  prevails 
among  the  Powers,  and  to  avert,  or  at  the  very  least  postpone,  as 
long  as  we  honorably  can,  the  wholesale  scramble,  which  is  too 
likely  to  follow  upon  any  premature  abandonment  of  the  principle 
of  territorial  integrity  for  Turkey.     I  for  one  will  avoid  even  the  in- 
finitesimal share  of  responsibility,  which  alone  could  now  belong  to 
any  of  my  acts  or  words,  for  inviting  a  crisis  of  which  at   this 
time  the  dimensions  must  be  large,  and  may  be  almost  illimitable. 
But  even  that  crisis  I  for  one  would  not  agree  to  avert,  or  to 
postpone,  at  the  cost  of  leaving  room  for  the  recurrence   of  the 
Bulgarian    horrors.      Nothing    could   exceed    the    mockery,    anrf 
nothing  could  redeem    the  disgrace,  of  a  pretended  settlement, 
which  should  place  it  im  the  power  of  Turkey  to  revive   these  fell 
Satanic  orgies  :  a  disgrace  of  which  the  largest  share  would  accrue 
to  England,  but  of  which  the  smallest  share  would  be  large  indeed.. 
The  public  of  this  country,  now  I  trust  awakened  from  sloth  to 
nobleness,  may  begin  to  fear  lest  the  integrity  of  Turkey  should 
mean  immunity  for  her  unbounded  savagery,  her  unbridled  and 
bestial  lust.     I  think  these  apprehensions,  so  reasv.   -^bL  in  princi- 
ple, or  if  there  were  ground  for  them,  may  be  dismi«ised  upon  an 
observation  of  the  facts.     We  have,  in  the  neighboring  province 
of  Roumania,  a  testimony  which  appears  to  be  nearly  conclusive. 


34 


BULGARIAN  HORRORS  AND 


'f'i 


I 


For  twenty  years  it  has,  while  paying  tribute  to  the   Porte,  and 
acknowledging  Us  supremacy,  enjoyed  an  entire  auto.iomy  o^  self- 
government.     It  has  constituted  a  real  barrier  for  Turkey  against 
the  possibilities  of  foreign  aggression.     It  has  overcome  for  itself 
.enous  internrJ  difficulties,  in  the  adjustment  of  the  relations  be- 
t^veen  class  and  class.     It  has  withstood  the  temptation  to  join  in 
the   Servian  war.     Guaranteed  by  Europe,  it  has  had  no  g    .e 
complaint  to  make  against  Turkey  for  the  violation  of  its  stipulated 
rights,  which  have  indeed  been  not  inconsiderably  enlarged     With 
such  an  e.v.xmple  before  us,  let  us  hope  at  least  that  the  te;ritorial 
integrity  of  IVkey  need  not  be  impaired,  while   Europe  summon 
and  requires  her  to  adopt  the  measure  which  is  the  very  least  that 

ule'of'th tr"^';  """;l^'"  '"'^'  "'^'^'^^"''^'  ^f  '""^  administrative 
ule  of  the  Turk  from  Bulgaria,  as  well  as,  and  even  more  than 
from  Herzegovina  and  from  Bosnia. 

But  even  this  minimum  of  satisfaction  for  the  past,  .ad  of  secu- 
rity for  the  future,  I  am  sorrowfully  convinced  will  not  be  obtained 
unless  the  public  voice  of  this  country  shall   sound  it  clearly  and 
oudly,  beyond  all  chances  of  mistake,  in  the  ears  of  the  Adminis- 
tration.    We  have  fortunately  obtained  a  rather  recent  disclosure 
of  the   purposes   of  the   Government   through   the  mouth  of "  the 
Pnme  Minister.     On  the  31st  of  July  (when  vve  knew  so  much  less 
than  now),  after  endeavoring  to  describe  the  hopeless  impotence  of 
the   Turkish   Government,  and   to   point  out   that   any  effectual 
measures  of  redress  or  security  must  lie  in  the  direction  of  local 
self-government  for  the  disturbed  provinces,  I  expressed  the  hope 
that  this  end  might  be  obtained  compatibly  with  the  "  territorial 
integrity    of  Turkey.     The  Prime  Minister,  who  followed  me  in 
tJie  debate,  did  me  the  honor  to  refer  to  this  portion  of  my  speech, 
and  said  I  had  recommended  the  re-establishment  of  the  status  guo 
Across  the  table   I  at  once  threw  the  interjection,  "  not  ./<//«.  L^ 
but  terntonal  integrity."     The  Prime  Minister  promptly  replied 
that  terntonal  integrity  would  be  found  virtually  t>  mean  the  status 
quo.     Now  the  territorial  integrity  means  the  retention  of   a  titular 
supremacy,   which    serves   the   purpose   of   warding   off    forei-m 
aggression.      The  status  quo   means  the  maintenance  of  Turkish 
administrative  authority  in  Bosnia,    Herzegovina,    and    Bulgaria 
Terntonal   integrity  shuts  out  the  foreign  st.- ;  the  states  quo 
shuts  out  the  inhabitants  of  the  country,  and  keeps  (I  fear)  everv- 
thing  to  die  Turk,  with  his  airy  promises,  hisdisembo^-'ed  reforms 
his  ferocious  passions,  and  his  daily,  gross,  and  incurable  misgov^ 


THE  QUESTION  OF  THE  EAST.  35 

ernment.  This,  tlien,  is  the  latest  present  indication  of  British 
policy,  the  re-establishment  of  the  status  quo.  Let  u.  cake  the 
phrase  out  of  the  dress  of  the  learned  language,  which  somewhat 
hides  its  beauty.  It  means  "  as  you  were."  It  means  the  re- 
establishment  of  the  same  forms  and  the  same  opportunities,  which 
again  u  ;an,  on  the  arrival  of  the  first  occasion,  the  same  abuses 
and  the  same  crimes.  This  purpose  of  the  Government,  I  feel 
convinced,  is  not  irrevi-^able.  But  it  will  only  be  revoked,  if  we 
may  take  experience  for  our  guide,  under  the  distinct  and  intelligi- 
ble action  of  pul'ic  opinion.  No  man  will  so  well  understand  as 
the  ^rime  Minister  what  is  the  force  and  weight  of  that  opinion ; 
and  ai  what  stage,  in  the  development  of  a  national  movement^ 
its  expression  should  no  longer  be  resisted. 

Since  the  ominous  declaration  of  Lord  Beaconsfield  on  the  status 
quo,  or  "  as  you  were"  policy,  there  has  appeared  a  letter  from  Mr. 
Bourke,  the   Under-Secretary  of  the  Foreign  Office ;  whit  h  could 
not  have  been  written  without  higher  sanction.     Of  this  letter, 
the  positive  part  is  null,  the  negative  part  important.     It  assures  us 
of  the  indignation  of  the  Government  at  the  crimes  committee'  by 
the  Turks.     It  might  as  well  assure  us  of  their  indignation  at  the 
crimes  of  Danton,  or  of  Robespierre,  or  of  Nana  Sahib.     Indigna- 
itonis  froth,  except  as  it  leads  to  action.     This  indignation  \as 
led,  he  says,  to  remonstrance.     I  say  that  mere  remonstrance,  in 
this  case,  is  mockery.     The  only  two  things  that  are  worth  saying, 
the  Under-Secretaiy  does  not  say.     The  first  of  them  would  have 
been  that,  until  these  horrible  outrages  are  redressed,  and  their 
authors  punished,  the  British  Government  would  withdraw  from 
Turkey  the  moral  and  even  material  support  we  have  been  lending 
her  against  Europe.     The  other  was,  that  after  crimes  of  so  vast  a 
scale  a  d  so  deep  a  dye,  the  British  Government  would  no  longer 
be    a   party    to    the    maintenance  of   Turkish    administration  ^n 
Bulgaria.     It  is,  then,  the  negative  part  of  this  letter  that  signifies. 
Mr.  Bourke's  words,  viewing  their  date,  are  futile.     But  his  silence 
is  trumpet-tongued  :  it  proclaims  that  even  last  week,  on  the  27th 
of  August,  the  Government  were  still  unconverted ;  and,  warning 
us  what  we  have  to  expect,  it  spurs  the  people  of  England  onwards 
in  the  movement,  which  is  to  redeem  its  compromised  and  endanger- 
ed honor. 

It  would  not  be  practicable,  even  if  it  were  honorable,  to  dis- 
guise the  real  character  of  what  we  want  from  the  Government.  It 
is  a  change  of  attitude  and  policy,  nothing  less.  We  want  them  to 
undo  and  efface  Uiat  too  just  impression,  which,  while  keeping  their 


36 


BULGARIAN  HORRORS  AND 


:  f 


I 


ili 


own  countrymen  so  much  in  the  dark  th^„  l.„  ,    ,  . 

P-gating  ,lu„ugI,out  Europe  2t  we ',  e!I  f  '"■"•'f =''  '"  ^"'- 
of  the  Tu.:,,  a'd  tl,,t  decHi'l,'  .;■"■""""-■''  »"PPo""s 
essential  to'  "  ft  i  i    '  ■  ,e        S  T'     '""■■«"'>;  •■"'"  ■•■''^■Pe-i-ce  " 

wiu..,ir  such  be/ht   ,  ^erJ;;;:^:';;^"'  '.'^"■"' ■'""  ■*^'" 

case,  a.i.e  at  h,s  crimes  and  ^^Z^" ;::^'^ 

Ge„u,s  which  do,s,  a„!  z^\:s>:]:-::::-  ;r,„'::" 

the  Administration  ?     P  i,  n,nU     i    ,1  '''  ^"^  ''^'  ''^" 

past  been  indebted,  and  are  ^^^'^^^T::^^'--^^''^ 
these    very    Powers    nossihl^;  tr.   v  ''^''^"''  ^°  '^'^  O"  soin-  of 

having  p,4ed  >^o  vS:^i  :^  ^-^ij^'r":^ ".-"-  f- 

auce  to  tyranny,  in  befriending  the  op„  "!  "d  i^    ,     '■'  '"/"'"■ 
l"I>piness  of  manliind.     I  say  the  ti.ni    ,  "V''"""'"?  1°'  "'e 

R"»ia  by  sharing  in  her  ,Z  deeds  a  "  ToZ  '"'  "  '"  """'^"' 
•ion  milil  she  sh  .11  visiw^       i  """^  °'"'  oPPOsi- 

There  is  'o  aL  f  L  r  I  '7''  '°  ""■"  '"""'  '"  ""  '■-°'""- 
of  Europe  on  t,rs:j:''f,:Srrr''"™'''-"''''^-C'^'"-* 
already  been  wor.ing^in  this  dirt  io'  "  N'riT:'::;':'^'  ""^ 
to  suppose  that  the  Ottoman  Government  will  I  7  ^'°'""^ 

scheu,e  based  on  the  intention  to   I  "T  „  ,"  '  r°T  '  """'  " 

m.sconduct,andthefearfulcrimesof    K  V  ■"  ""  °™ 

possible.     To  do  this  r„,.„r  """'  "«''""=•  ''»'■<=  left 

drawn  between  hdepeuTI  'T'  "'  "  '''''"'"°"  '"-'  >>- 
slantinople  once  fo  ah  a,"  I,  '  "  "  ''"""°"  '*>  >>"=  •»'<™  »'  Con- 
fer the  c  ischar^e  of  the'  dailv  T  l^^""»"<="'  vitalizing  force  required 
vast  empire.    The^eltlll-e  ^^^l;  ^  /  ^jj'f  :f -'  ^"  T^  ''^ 

co::«ti,hE"raf;;ir----^^^^^^^^ 
-  Of  the  '^o^^^oo::::::!'::^^-':;!::^^^^;^ 


THE  QUESTION  OF  THE  EAST.  37 

they  try  to  convey  these  influences  to  the  provinces  anri  *-.e  subor- 
dinate agents,  who  share  little  or  none  of  that  benefic  al  contact 
and  supervision,  that  they,  except  here  and  there  by  some  happy 
accident  of  personal  virtue,  habituully  and  miserably  break  down 
The  promises  of  a  Turk i.-ih  Ministry  given  simply  to  Europe  are 
generally  good  ;  those  given  to  its  own   subjects  or  concerning  its 
own  affairs  are,  w'thout  imputing  absolute  mendacity,  of  such  tded 
and  demonstrated  worthlossness,   that   any    Ambassador   or   any 
State,  who  should  trust  them,  must  come  under  suspicion  of  nothing 
less  than  fraud  by  wilful  connivance.     The  engagement  of  a  Turk- 
ish Ministry,  taken  in  concert  with  Europe,  that  Bulgaria,  or  any 
other  province,  shall  now  settle  and  hereafter  conduct  its   own 
local  government  and  affairs,  would  carry  within  itself  the  guaran- 
tee of  Its  own  execution.     The  only  question  is,  whether  it  would 
be  given  or  withheld.     I  am  disposed  to  believe  it  would  be  civen 
not   withheld;    and   for  this   reason.     I   know    of  no    case    in 
which  Turkey  has  refused  to  accede  to  the  counsel  of  United   Eu- 
rope; nay,  even  of  '.ss  than  United  Europe,  if  Europe  was  not  in 
actual  schism  with  itself  under  unwise  or  factious  influence        'n 
the  natter  of  Greece,  in  the  Union  of  the  Principalities  after  the 
Crimean  War,  and  in  the  conduct  of  its  relations  (for  example) 
with  Persia  and  with  Egypt,  there  has   been  abandant  proof  that 
the  Ottoman  Poite  is  no  more  disposed  than  other  governments 
in  the  homely  phrase,  to  drive  its  head  against  a  brick  wall      It 
has  known  how  to  yield,  not  ungracefully,  to  real  necessity  with- 
out, provoking  violence.     And  those  of  its  self-constit-.^ed  friends 
who  warn  us  against  an  outburst  of  wild  Mahommedan  fanaticism' 
within  the  Cabinet  of  Constantinople,  and  in  the  year  1876,  found 
themse  yes  on  notions  drawn  from  their  own  fancy,  or  from  what 
they  call  havir.g  been  in  the  East,  much  more  than  on  the  recorded 
lessons  of  political  and  diplomatic  experience 
_  No  doubt  there  will  be  difficulties  t        srcome  when  these  pro- 
vinces set  about  their  own  affairs,  in  adjusting  relations  with  the 
Mahometan  minorities.     These  are  difficulties  insurmountable  to 
those  who  have  not  the  will  to  surmount  them,  but  easily  surmoi  nt- 
ed  under  the  real  pressure  of  such  a  case.     They  were  surmoun.ed 
in  Greece  ;  and  at  this  hour,  as  we  learn  by  the  very  recent  te.  ti- 
mony  of  Sir  Charles  Trevelyan,  Mahometan  landlords  in  Eubcea 
ive  contentedly  under  the  Government  of  that  country.     Mahome- 
tan it  must  be  remembered,  does  not  mean  the  same  as  Turk 
And  m  none  of  these  provinces  has  it  been  in  the  main  a  case  of 
war  between  conflicting  relij:ioias  or  local  races:  nearly  the  whole 


38 


BULGARIAN  HORRORS  AND 


agents 


mischief  has  lain  in  the  wretched  laws,  and 
once  violent  and  corrupt,  of  a  distant  central  Power,  which  (having 
none  others)  lets  these  agents  loose  upon  its  territory;  and  which 
has  always  physical  force  at  its  command  to  back  outrage  with  the 
sanction  of  authority,  but  has  no  moral  force  whatever,  no  power 
either  of  checking  evil  or  of  doing  good. 

But  I  return  to,  and  I  end  with,  that  which  is  the  Omega  as  well 
as  the  Alpha  of  this  great  and  most  mournful  case.     An  old  servant 
of  the  Crown  and  State,  I  entreat  my  countrymen,  upon  whom  far 
more  than  perhaps  any  other  people  of  Europe  it  depends,  to  re- 
quire, and  to  insist,  that  our  Government,  which  has  been  working 
in  one  direction,  shall  work  in  the  other,  and  shall  apply  all  its 
vigor  to  concur  with  the  other  States  of  Europe  in  obtaining  the 
extinction  of  the  Turkish  ^executive  power  in   Bulgaria.     Lc^t  the 
lurks  now  carry  away  their  abuses  in   the  only  possible  manner 
namely   by   carrying   off   themselves.     Their   Zaptiehs    and   thei^ 
Mudirs,  their  Bimbashis  and  their  Yuzbachis,  their  Kaimakams 
and  their  Pashas,  one  and  all,  bag  and  baggage,  shall,  I  hope,  clear 
out  from    the  province   they  have   desolated  and  profaned      This 
thorough  riddance,  this  most  blessed  deliverance,  is  the  only  re- 
paration we  can  make  to  the  memory  of  those  heaps  on  heaps  of 
dead  ;  to  the  violated  purity  alike  of  matron,  of  maiden,  and  of 
child  ;  to  the  civilization  which  has  been  affronted  and  shamed- 
to  the  laws  of  God  or,  if  you  like,  of  Allah ;  to  the  moral  sense  of 
mankind  at  large.     There  is  not  a  criminal  in  an  European  jail, 
there  IS  not  a  cannibal  in  the  South  Sea  Islands,  whose  indignation 
would  not  nse  and  overboil  at  the  recital  of  that  which  has  been 
done,  which  has  too  late  been  examined,  but  which  remains  un- 
avenged ;  which  has  left  behind  all  the  foul  and  all  the  fierce  pas- 
s.ons  that  produced  it,  and  which  may  again  spring  up,  in  another 
murderous  harvest,  from  the  soil  soaked  and  reeking  with  blood 
and  n.  the  air  tainted  with  every  imaginable  deed  of  crime  and' 
shame.      1  hat  such  things  should  be  done  once,  is   a  damning  dis- 
grace to  the  portion  of  our  race  which  did  them;  that   a  door 
should  be  left  open  for  their  ever-so-barely  possible   repetition 
wou  d  spread  that  shame  over  the  whole.     Better,  we  may  justly 
tell  the  Sultan,  almost  any  inconvenience,  difficulty,  or  loss  asso- 
ciated wth  Bulgaria, 

"  Than  thou  reseated  in  thy  ;..ace  of  light, 
The  mociiery  of  thy  people,  aiul  their  bane."* 


•  Tennyson's  'Guinevere.' 


m 


THE  QUESTION  OF  THE  EAST.  39 

We  may  ransack  the  annals  of  the  world,  but  I  know  not  what 
research  can  furnish  us  with  so  portentous  an  example  of  the 
fiendish  misuse  of  the  powers  established  by  God  "for  the  punish- 
ment of  evil-doers,  and  for  the  encouragement  of  them  that  do 
well."  No  Government  ever  has  so  sinned  ;  none  has  so  proved 
itself  incorrigible  in  sin,  or  which  is  the  same,  so  important  for 
reformation.  If  it  be  allowable  that  the  Executive  power  of  Turkey 
should  renew  at  this  great  crisis,  by  permission  or  authority  of  Eu- 
rope, the  charter  of  its  existence  in  Bulgaria,  then  there  is  not  on 
record,  smce  the  beginnings  of  political  society,  a  protest  that 
man  has  lodged  against  intolerable  misgovernment,  or  a  stroke  he 
has  dealt  at  loathsome  tyranny,  that  ought  not  henceforward  to  be 
branded  as  a  crime. 

But  we  have  not  yet  Tallen  to  so  low  a  depth  of  degradation  • 
and  It  may  cheerfully  be  hoped  that,  before  many  weeks  have 
passed,  the  wise  and  energetic  counsels  of  the  Powers,  again  uni- 
ted may  have  begun  to  afford  relief  to  the  overcharged  emotion  of 
a  shuddering  world. 


Having  done   with  the   argumentative  portion  of   the  case,  I 
desire  to  perform  yet  one  other  duty,  by  reminding  my  countrymen 
that  measures  appear  to  be  most  urgently  required  for  the  relief  of 
want,  disease,  and  every  form  of  suffering  in  Bulgaria       Lady 
Strangford  has,  with  energetic  benevolence  proposed  to  undertake 
this  work.     It  seems  to  me  to  go  far  beyond  the  powers  of  any 
individual,  however  active  and  intelligent.     I  will  presume  to  ur^e 
that,  under  the  peculiar  circumstances  of  the  case,  there  is  a  call 
upon  Her  Majesty's  Government  to  take  the  matter  in  hand      I 
do  not  mean  by  means  of  a  grant  of  public  money  :  but  bv  com 
municating  with  the  municipal  and  local  authorities,  and  submit 
ting  to  them  the  expediency  of  opening  subscriptions  :  by  placin- 
the  whole  machinery  of  the  Embassy  at  Constantinople  and  of  the 
Consulates  and  Vice-Consulates  at  the  service  of  the  undertaking  • 
and  by  supplying  men  able  to  organize  and  superintend  the  distribti- 
t.on  of  relief  from  the  military  and  ipossible  also  the  naval  depart- 
ments. ^ 

Hawarden,  Chester, 
Ith  Sept.,  1876 


m 


§ 


pr 
ad 
by 


LOVELL,    ADAM    WESSON    &    CO.'S 

RECENT    PUBLICATIONS    AND    RE-ISSUES. 


OUR  NEW  WAY  ROUND  THE  WORLD.^By  ChaHes  Carletoa 

across   he  Continent  to  point  of  departure  :  rich  y  mt^rspS  w^th 
anecdotes,  persona  experiences,  and  valuable  statistical  information 
the  whole  graphically  described  in  Cadeton's  ovv..-  inimitSrway 

''^runV\''^^^^^T '  '^'*'  ^'^^'^•^'^^   ^^^^^^'^  North   Lati- 
tude.     By  Jules  Verne.      Translated  by  N.  D'Anvers       T^J 
8vo.,  soo  pages.     With  too  full  page  Illustrations  '  ""'•' 

JipSt2u^^!;f^pS^r^'«^-'^'-^-^Go'd,  .     13.50. 


aper 
Cloth 


j.e;:i;^^,^'airz.l'^it^i:!r'.«;i^.S:^ra_!>«''''  ^  ^on 


r.So. 


Smuh.     ,  ,„,.,  4„6  p,g,,,  ,,„,  ^,^,^^  g,^^^  a'nd  So/i      pS 

The  Scandnavan  Relimnn  tv,»  T?„r  •  ^Y^"™^"'-'"",  Buddhism, 
Mahomet.  A  most  fSSJhLuf  *'°,wu"^  9'^^^"'  ^^-^e.  and 
back  the  religio^lieTin  mali'nd!'  '°'''"  '''^"  "*^"^^^^  '"  '^^''^S 

'"plge'^'^'.^s':'^^^^^"-     ^--ADKAM.    rvol.    ,6.o.    440 

by  any  but  the  creator  of  Caliban  and  Arilu"'^  "  ""'  *"'"  *'>"*"«'l  i"  <>«  language 


f  ■ ' 


liii 


k 


mi 


I 


r.OVELL,   ADAV    WESSON  6-    CO:S 

RECKNT   PUBLICATIONS   AND   RE-ISSUES. 

-.       —        .. »  _ 

^^'  wVlV^'.^^^^'^.  NUKSERY  RHYMES   OF  SCOTI  AND 

W  th  Frontispiece  by  Billings.     ,  vol.  ,r.m«.     loopaffes      sV^c 

COUNTKY  PARSON'S  WORKS.     (Rev' A  K  H   Uovr?  ^     s      i 
^      "''Sf;'''''''^'  ^^  ^  COUNTRY  PARSON.   450  pag.s.   First 


^^i^r!;'^^^"^^^  ^^'''^  COUNTRY  PARSON.  450  pages. 
LEISURE  HOURS  IN  TOWN.     450  pages. 


Second 


.^^^^^:;S'^    °^    ^    ^°^^^^V    PARSON.      330 

r'^^'^^^^S^S?    ^"    ^    ^^^^^^^    LARSON.      340 

""'Tso  pager's!"  PHILOSOPHER  IN  TOWN  AND     COUNTRY. 

''''pIT'^^o''pag''es.''''''^  ^^'^^'^^  ^'^^^'^'  ^  ^'-l  Y  PUL- 

•'^"p^s"''^''''''  HOLIDAYS  OFA^-OUNTRYPARSON.  360 

evenings,  wi.en  ,l.e  day-.sworkisdo  ^  Thc-vnre  sucfbooksTs'v.M,  /•  '"•'  '•""''','?1"  "'  ^^""^'^ 
yourself,  until  vou  trv,  and  find  vou  on't  tL'!-  1™  ?.  •^" -^' ^■.''" '^""■'•''ave  written 
kindly.  restful,svn.p...L.,ic.  pUci.l  an"  i  .uan.  '"'rhey  Irrex.cir.le  h  ^''l  ^T'  ^""'"''^^ 
less,  active  Americans.  A  calm,  tlum-l  tf  il  m  Pt  rt,,.!,^  ?  exactly  the  books  for  busy,  rest- 
-BostoH  Congregationulist  '""""'"""  1'''et  Hows  aropnd  us,  and  soothes  us  to  repose." 


What  they  have  done,  and  what  Others 
1  of  Farm  and  Garden :  how  to  Be-in 

if     trv     Ai?-M     -^*-         II..    aL  „  .1  ^        ■'?      * 


FARMING  FOR  BOYS. 

may  do  in  the  Cultivation  oi  rarm  an 

how  to  Proceed,  ami   what  to  Aim  at.     Bv  the'  nn'thor  n'f  -  •(• 

Acres  Enough."     Illustrated,     .vol.     ^^\S^]^  ^, 

(lie  form  of  a  storv  ;  and   here  is  enmmlV  f  rmV  ^     ,  ?^^^^^^  » ""Y  KinR,  .tie  related  in 

the  wide  harvest-field   and   li^  old       .m    ,     ^""'■"";''  -'nd  adventure  to  make  douhlv  attractive 
.be  work  with  adv,;nt%r.;!,^p;:!;^t.'Vl"',T-:,r.^         '5^."'"""y-     ^""  '^— -  --'.  -^'y  -ad 

»nd  {:v!;t::;;;:'^iirl;:ad';;";ti;;^:;^>;^^ -I:;  ;k^  ""Tr  ;t  ''ir^^  f-  ^"--^  f-'i^^ = 

—  /  Union  Gazettr.  ^    '     ^"  mind— at  least  for  the  time— to  be  fanners," 


LOVELL,   ADAM,    WESSON  &•    CO.'S 

RECENT    PUBLICATIONS   AND   RE-ISSUES. 


SIX  HUNDRED  DOLLARS  A  YEAR.  A  Wife's  Effort  at  Living 
under  High  Prices,  i  vol.  i6  mo.,  200  pages.  Clotli,  Gilt  Edges, 
75  cents. 

"  This  is  the  story  of  .1  wife,  showing  how,  by  economy  and  taste,  the  family  lived  comfort- 
ably on  six  hundrecl  dollars  a  year.  It  is  an  entertaining  volume,  and  fiiU  of  good  sense.  — 
BostoH  Recorder.  , 

"  This  is  a  book  that  will  save  not  only  many  dollars  a  year,  but  m  some  cases  many  hun- 
dreds, by  the  thrifty  hints  it  throws  out." — Vhiladelfhia  Ledger. 

"It  combines  the  merits  of  a  novel  with  those  of  a  cook-book."— iS«?i/o»  TranscrifU 

A  LOVER'S  DIARY.  By  Alice  Gary.  With  Illustrations  by  Hen- 
nessy  and  others,     i    vol.     i6mo.,  250  pages.     Full   Gilt,  Cloth, 

JSi.So. 

"  For  the  pure  loveliness  of  love,  for  the  sweetly  potent  expression  of  its  real  character,  for 
the  fortifying  of  the  heart  against  all  sensuousnesa  and  evil  heats  and  vicious  warping  of  the 
nature,  profaning  the  sacred  name  of  love,  we  find  Miss  (Jary's  poem  incomparable.  We 
are  glad  to  know  that  it  will  have  many  thousand  readers." — Brooklyn  Union. 

"  Carleton,"  (C.  C.  Coffin's)  "Writings. 

OUR  NEW  WAY  ROUND  THE  WORLD  :  Where  to  Go,  and 
What  to  See.  8vo.  550  pages.  With  several  Maps,  and  over  100 
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"  A  more  delightful  book  of  travels  has  not  in  a  long;  time  fallen  into  our  hands.  There  is 
not  a  dry  line  in  it.  He  saw  only  what  w.is  worth  seemg.  What  he  s.-iys  is  worth  saying, 
and  he  says  it  naturally  and  freshly  ;  one  is  only  sorry  to  get  to  the  enA."— New  .York 
Chriitian  Advocate. 

MY  DAYS  AND  NIGHTS  ON  THE  BATTLE-FIELD:  A 
Book  for  Boys,     i  vol.  i6mo.,  320  pages.     Illustrated.     $1.25. 


FOLLOWING  THE  FLAG,  from  August,  1861,  to  November, 
1S62.  with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  i  vol.  i6mo.,  350  pages, 
illustrated.     $1.25. 

"  '  Carleton  '  is  by  all  odds  the  best  writer  on  the  war,  for  boys.  His  '  D.}ys  and  Nights 
on  the  Battle-Field' made  him  famousamong  young  folks.  To  read  his  books  is  equal  in  in- 
terest to  a  bivouac  or  a  battle,  and  is  free  from  the  hard  couch  and  harder  bread  of  the  one, 
and  the  jeopardizing  bullets  of  the  other.  To  be  entertained  and  informed,  we  would  ratlier 
peruse  '  Following  the  Flag '  than  study  a  doien  octavo  volumes  written  by  a  worli".-re- 
nowned  historian." — Indianafolis  Journal. 

WINNING  HIS  WAY.  i  vol.    i6mo.,  262  pages.  Illustrated.   $1.25. 

"  A  story  of  a  poor  Western  bov,  who,  with  true  American  grit  in  his  composition,  worked 
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book,  a^freediim  from  namby-pambyism, worthy  of  all  commendation." — Sunday  School  Times. 

"  One  of  the  best  of  stones  for  boys." — Hartford  Courant, 


TALES  OF  TI^E  ST.    LAWRENCE. 
Crown  Svo.     Cloth.    $1.50. 


By  G.   C.  Chapin.     i  vol. 


THE    BUTTERFLY    HUNTERS.     By   Mrs.   H.    S.  Connant.    i 
vol.  Square  i6mo.,  175  pages.     Illustrated. 

"  .\    very   handsome   and   instructive   book   for  the  young,  with  carefully   drawn    illustra- 
tions, which  add  greatly  to  its  attractiveness-" — Xexv   York  Evangelist' 


fj 


Mr 


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LOVELL,   ADAM,    WESSON  6-    CO:s 

^^^^^^   PUBLICATIONS   AND   RE-ISSUES. 


Henry  Klngsiey's  Writings. 


hoe  •  ^ves'hi'^  plafe't'ith'  ThacL^iv  7-1?.''^""'?^  "'f  ">=>'"="  °f  "'"dem  fiction    '  P. 
book   ,3  o.^oi^.,^,^„^,,:,'!^Z7^;^;r]''P^-^^'^^s\.y,  l>ickens,and  M?s    slowe!''^- 


£,.^»M^"wcr.    —nart/ord  J'ress  ■"■•1=,  «iia  iviis.  s 

™Lo?53°pii'."°"'   °^  '='=°^^'*V  HA^aYN. 


I  vol. 


real,  s"?- "ne^ ^^^,^^0^,1'^^^^^^^^^  every  day  i„  .his  novel  wn.in.  a«      I.  • 

the   pleasantes.   relations   berw^ltnt^S'h^'^eaZT'V.^'^ '«  W-.'-pl^^'^^^^^^^^ 


e-^tablish 


i6mo.,  200 


"   "civvccn  nnn  and  h  s  readers  '  "_  v       iV    "■■•ii'iei 

LEIGHTON  COURT     ^  c^     /^        -v- k..^ /-./a 
pages,     jj^i.sa  ^  ^""ntry-House  Story,  r  vol. 

.    "  This  is  a  charmins  storv 

"^  ^rt^^:^\^^^p^::x^ij^  the  p,o. 


IHr,   HII.T.YAPC      AVTi-v     '.^»T»^     

A  Story    of   Two 

Paper,  75 


THF    Hit  T  X.  A  tTo  >t."-5«/.«  Adv^r 

THE  HILLYARS    AND    THE    BURTONS 
Famihes.      ,  vol.  ,3mo.,  428  pages    ^17,    ^• 

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